Englishbattle1930

Revolution®/Stronghold® Plus, a topical endectocide incorporating 6 mg/kg selamectin plus 1 mg/kg sarolaner, is approved for use in cats to prevent heartworm disease. The efficacy of selamectin has not previously been evaluated against any macrocyclic lactone (ML)-resistant heartworm strains in cats for prevention of heartworm disease. In this study, an experimental combination formulation of selamectin (6 mg/kg) plus sarolaner (2 mg/kg) was assessed for preventing the development of a ML-resistant strain of Dirofilaria immitis in cats. Forty purpose-bred domestic shorted-haired cats (20 males; 20 females) from 7-9 months of age and negative for heartworm antigen prior to study inclusion were used. On Day -30, cats were inoculated with 100 D. immitis L3 (ZoeMO strain) subcutaneously in the inguinal area. Cats were randomly allocated to one of the following four treatments with associated dosing regimens T01 (vehicle-treated control on Days 0, 28, and 56), T02 (single dose of selamectin plus sarolaner combinatitis (ZoeMO) in cats when administered as three consecutive monthly treatments. A single dose was highly (93.5%) but incompletely effective.Toxocara and Toxascaris are parasitic nematodes that infect canids and felids although species of the genus Toxocara also infect humans. This work aimed to establish the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationship between specimens of T. canis, T. cati, T. malaysiensis and Toxascaris leonina and to evaluate the degree of host specificity. In total, 437 samples (adults and pools of eggs) were collected from canids and felids from eight countries. Parasites were identified by morphology, PCR linked Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and partial sequencing of the mitochondrial gene cox1. Phylogenetic trees were constructed and genetic distance among isolates was estimated. Based on the molecular characterization all worms were identified in agreement with their respective hosts with the exception of three samples; two from cats and one from dogs identified as T. canis and T. cati, respectively. There was no clear geographical clustering of the samples despite this study including parasites from three continents. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to use molecular methods to identify T. canis in cats and T. OTS964 cati in dogs with host specificity being the most common finding. Our developed PCR-RFLP method was found to be a facile and reliable method for identifying Toxocara species.Dirofilaria immitis is the globally distributed agent of heartworm disease. Infection in canines causes debilitating disease that can be fatal if left untreated. Macrocyclic lactones can prevent heartworm disease in dogs, cats and ferrets by killing larvae before they develop into adult worms in the pulmonary artery. However, administration of prophylactic drugs to wild canids to prevent D. immitis infection is not feasible. Furthermore, a vaccine against heartworm is currently unavailable and drug resistant D. immitis have been identified, highlighting the need for new strategies to prevent parasite transmission. We recently established a method to block development of emerging third-stage larvae (eL3) from the mosquito Aedes aegypti by over-activating the Toll pathway, one of the major innate immune signaling pathways in mosquitoes. Our previous study used a drug-sensitive strain of D. immitis and it remains unknown if the strategy is effective against different D. immitis genotypes and, more importantly, iis genotypes, including two different drug-resistant genotypes. If this strategy can be applied to heartworm vectors in the field, it may help reduce the spread of disease and is not predicted to favor the spread of drug resistance.The heterogeneity and complex composition of crop straw are some of the main obstacles to its scientific and efficient industrial utilization. To thoroughly reveal and identify the composition of different crop straw types and their latent attributes, in this study, 784 straw samples of rice, wheat, corn, rape and cotton were collected. Based on the large sample size, 18 composition characteristics, including chemical composition, proximate composition, ultimate composition, and heating values, were adopted to determine the profiles of the crop straw composition characteristics. Correlation analysis and 7 different types of multivariate analysis were applied and compared. The results indicated that among the 18 characteristics, hemicellulose, water-soluble carbohydrates, crude proteins, phosphorus, fixed carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur had non-normal distributions. Spearman method was a more suitable correlation analysis approach for the crop straw characteristics than Pearson method. The results of the different multivariate analysis methods were reflected in the different classification attributes of water-soluble carbohydrates, phosphorus, hydrogen and sulfur. Non-parametric principal component analysis and non-parametric exploratory factor analysis provided consistent results. The characteristics could be divided into 4 categories of intrinsic associated attributes, namely, (1) lignin, volatile matter, fixed carbon, carbon, hydrogen, higher heating value, and lower heating value; (2) potassium, ash, and sulfur; (3) cellulose, hemicellulose, moisture, and oxygen; and (4) water-soluble carbohydrates, crude proteins, phosphorus, and nitrogen, which exhibited combustion positive, combustion negative, biochemical conversion, and nutritional property, respectively. The study results provide data and methodology support for the development of crop straw utilization strategies.Material efficiency measures, such as recycling rates, are often used to set circular economy targets to achieve higher resource efficiency and lower environmental impact. The aim of this study was to identify material efficiency indicators suitable to reflect the environmental performance of waste and recycling systems using PET bottle waste management in three European countries with diverse waste management structures and recycling performance levels. Material flow analysis and life cycle assessment were performed to assess the material efficiency and environmental impacts of each system as a basis to analyze the relation between these two dimensions. PET bottle waste generation was 5.4 kg/person and year (pa) in Austria in 2013, 6.0 kg/pa in Germany in 2017 and 6.9 kg/pa in Serbia in 2015. Out of this waste flow 41%, 91%, and 11% were directed into PET recyclate in Austria, Germany and Serbia, respectively. For all systems, higher material efficiency translated into lower environmental impact and vice versa.