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rial results.

The reported usage of UKA is around 10% in the UK, Australian and New Zealand joint registries. However, some authors recommend that a higher UKA usage of 20%, or a minimum 12 UKA cases per year, would reduce revision rates. The purpose of this study was to analyze the percentage of surgeons performing the recommended thresholds in these 3 registries.

Data from the UK, Australian and New Zealand registry databases was utilized from the time period since their respective introduction until 2017. All primary TKA and UKA performed for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis by surgeons with more than 100 recorded knee arthroplasties in their respective registry were included. The results between the registries were compared and a pooled analysis was performed. The number of surgeons meeting the recommended caseload of > 20% UKA yearly or 12 UKA cases yearly was calculated.

We identified 3037 knee surgeons performing 1,556,440 knee arthroplasties, of which 131,575 were UKA (8.45%). Over 50% of knee surgeons in each registry had a proportion of less than 5% UKA of their knee replacement procedures. After pooling of data, median surgeon UKA usage was 2.0% (IQR 0-9.1%). The percentage of surgeons meeting the proposed caseload criteria was highest in New Zealand, 16.3%, followed by the UK at 12.4% and Australia 11.3% (p = 0.28).

More than 50% of knee surgeons in UK, Australian and New Zealand joint registries perform less than 5% of UKA yearly. The majority of experienced knee surgeons are not meeting the recommended minimum thresholds, which might indicate that the recommended thresholds are not feasible for the vast majority of knee surgeons. The reasons behind this require further research.

Level III retrospective registry study.

Level III retrospective registry study.The release of pollutants is increasing along the coast of Chile, and the use of biomarkers in biomonitoring programs is essential to assess the early biological effects of marine contamination. The Micronucleus (MN) test was carried out using hemocytes of the mussel Perumytilus purpuratus from two sites in northern-central Chile (La Pampilla and Totoralillo). Nuclear abnormalities were assessed, and high frequencies of micronucleus (10.7-14.4‰) and other abnormalities were found (51.9-76.6‰). These values tended to be higher in La Pampilla, possibly due to the large presence of pollution sources in that site. However, considerably high values were observed in both sites. P. purpuratus is a suitable bioindicator and further monitoring along the Chilean coast using this species should be developed using the MN test and/or other biomarkers to comprehend the effects of human activities on the coastal environment of Chile.In type 1 diabetes, insulin remains the mature therapeutic cornerstone; yet, the increasing number of individuals developing type 1 diabetes (predominantly children and adolescents) still face severe complications. Fortunately, our understanding of type 1 diabetes is continuously being refined, allowing for refocused development of novel prevention and management strategies. Hitherto, attempts based on immune suppression and modulation have been only partly successful in preventing the key pathophysiological feature in type 1 diabetes the immune-mediated derangement or destruction of beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, leading to low or absent insulin secretion and chronic hyperglycaemia. Evidence now warrants a focus on the beta cell itself and how to avoid its dysfunction, which is putatively caused by cytokine-driven inflammation and other stress factors, leading to low insulin-secretory capacity, autoantigen presentation and immune-mediated destruction. Correspondingly, beta cell rescue strategies are being pursued, which include antigen vaccination using, for example, oral insulin or peptides, as well as agents with suggested benefits on beta cell stress, such as verapamil and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Whilst autoimmune-focused prevention approaches are central in type 1 diabetes and will be a requirement in the advent of stem cell-based replacement therapies, managing the primarily cardiometabolic complications of established type 1 diabetes is equally essential. In this review, we outline selected recent and suggested future attempts to address the evolving profile of the person with type 1 diabetes.

The term 'maternal birth trauma' has undergone substantial changes in meaning over the last 2 decades. Leaving aside psychological morbidity, somatic trauma is now understood to encompass not just episiotomy, perineal tears and obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASI), but also trauma to the levator ani muscle. This review covers diagnosis of maternal birth trauma by translabial ultrasound imaging.

Narrative review.

Tomographic imaging of pelvic structures with the help of 4D ultrasound, used since 2007, has allowed international standardization and seems to be highly reproducible and valid for the diagnosis of OASI and levator avulsion.

Translabial and exo-anal ultrasound allows the assessment of maternal birth trauma in routine clinical practice and the utilization of avulsion and sphincter trauma as key performance indicators of maternity services. It is hoped that this will lead to a greater awareness of maternal birth trauma among maternity caregivers and improved outcomes for patients, both in the short term and in the decades to come.

Translabial and exo-anal ultrasound allows the assessment of maternal birth trauma in routine clinical practice and the utilization of avulsion and sphincter trauma as key performance indicators of maternity services. It is hoped that this will lead to a greater awareness of maternal birth trauma among maternity caregivers and improved outcomes for patients, both in the short term and in the decades to come.A genetic influence on blood pressure was demonstrated more than 100 years ago and a simple Mendelian inheritance was initially presumed. Platt and Pickering conducted a lively debate on this topic. Platt favored the idea that a single gene or only a few genes were responsible for high blood pressure. Pickering presented research results, which supported the assumption that many genes exerted an influence on blood pressure. This was all in a period when it was not even known what genes were. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) according to the Pickering model have identified > 500 blood pressure relevant gene loci, which are distributed over the whole genome. GSK2837808A Each individual gene exerts only a small effect on blood pressure. The dark horses of hypertension research are the secondary causes. In pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome and even fibromuscular dysplasia (renovascular hypertension) the results indicate that a genetic cause regularly underlies secondary hypertension. This would therefore also partially confirm Platt's theory.