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2% of the unexposed group achieved ≥ 5% and ≥ 10% weight loss at 12 months, respectively, compared with 63.1% and 31.8% in the exposed group at 12 months (P = 0.04 at 5%; P = 0.02 at 10%).

Exposure to psychotropic medications was associated with diminished weight loss in patients with medically managed overweight and obesity.

Exposure to psychotropic medications was associated with diminished weight loss in patients with medically managed overweight and obesity.This report by the Radiation Oncology Discipline of Children's Oncology Group (COG) describes the practice patterns of pediatric image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) based on a member survey and provides practice recommendations accordingly. The survey comprised of 11 vignettes asking clinicians about their recommended treatment modalities, IGRT preferences, and frequency of in-room verification. Technical questions asked physicists about imaging protocols, dose reduction, setup correction, and adaptive therapy. In this report, the COG Radiation Oncology Discipline provides an IGRT modality/frequency decision tree and the expert guidelines for the practice of ionizing image guidance in pediatric radiotherapy patients.Tailored construction of advanced flexible supercapacitors (SCs) is of great importance to the development of high-performance wearable modern electronics. Herein, a facile combined wet chemical method to fabricate novel mesoporous vanadium nitride (VN) composite arrays coupled with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as flexible electrodes for all-solid-state SCs is reported. The mesoporous VN nanosheets arrays prepared by the hydrothermal-nitridation method are composed of cross-linked nanoparticles of 10-50 nm. To enhance electrochemical stability, the VN is further coupled with electrodeposited PEDOT shell to form high-quality VN/PEDOT flexible arrays. Benefiting from high intrinsic reactivity and enhanced structural stability, the designed VN/PEDOT flexible arrays exhibit a high specific capacitance of 226.2 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and an excellent cycle stability with 91.5% capacity retention after 5000 cycles at 10 A g-1 . In addition, high energy/power density (48.36 Wh kg-1 at 2 A g-1 and 4 kW kg-1 at 5 A g-1 ) and notable cycling life (91.6% retention over 10 000 cycles) are also achieved in the assembled asymmetric flexible supercapacitor cell with commercial nickel-cobalt-aluminum ternary oxides cathode and VN/PEDOT anode. This research opens up a way for construction of advanced hybrid organic-inorganic electrodes for flexible energy storage.Astrocytes play a key role in the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by actively inducing the degeneration of motor neurons. Motor neurons isolated from receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-knockout mice are resistant to the neurotoxic signal derived from ALS-astrocytes. Here, we confirmed that in a co-culture model, the neuronal death induced by astrocytes over-expressing the ALS-linked mutant hSOD1G93A is prevented by the addition of the RAGE inhibitors FPS-ZM1 or RAP. Nivolumab cost These inhibitors also prevented the motor neuron death induced by spinal cord extracts from symptomatic hSOD1G93A mice. To evaluate the relevance of this neurotoxic mechanism in ALS pathology, we assessed the therapeutic potential of FPS-ZM1 in hSOD1G93A mice. FPS-ZM1 treatment significantly improved hind-limb grip strength in hSOD1G93A mice during the progression of the disease, reduced the expression of atrophy markers in the gastrocnemius muscle, improved the survival of large motor neurons, and reduced gliosis in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. However, we did not observe a statistically significant effect of the drug in symptoms onset nor in the survival of hSOD1G93A mice. Maintenance of hind-limb grip strength was also observed in hSOD1G93A mice with RAGE haploinsufficiency [hSOD1G93A ;RAGE(+/-)], further supporting the beneficial effect of RAGE inhibition on muscle function. However, no benefits were observed after complete RAGE ablation. Moreover, genetic RAGE ablation significantly shortened the median survival of hSOD1G93A mice. These results indicate that the advance of new therapies targeting RAGE in ALS demands a better understanding of its physiological role in a cell type/tissue-specific context.

Cutaneous feedback from the foot sole contributes to the control of standing balance in two ways it provides perceptual awareness of tactile perturbations at the interface with the ground (e.g., shifts in the pressure distribution, slips, etc.) and it reflexively activates lower-motor neurons to trigger stabilizing postural responses. Here we focus on the latter, cutaneous (or cutaneomotor) reflex coupling in the lower limb. These reflexes have been studied most-frequently with electrical pulse trains that bypass natural cutaneous mechanotransduction, stimulating cutaneous afferents in a largely non-physiological manner. Harnessing the mechanical filtering properties of cutaneous afferents, we take a novel mechanical approach by applying supra-threshold continuous noisy vibrotactile stimulation (NVS) to the medial forefoot.

Using NVS, we characterized the time and frequency domain properties of cutaneomotor reflexes in the Tibialis Anterior. We additionally measured stimulus-triggered average muscle responses to repeated discrete sinusoidal pulses for comparison. To investigate cutaneomotor reflex gain scaling, stimuli were delivered at 3- or 10-times perceptual threshold (PT), while participants held 12.5% or 25% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC).

Peak responses in the time domain were observed at lags reflecting transmission delay through a polysynaptic reflex pathway (~90-100ms). Increasing the stimulus amplitude enhanced cutaneomotor coupling, likely by increasing afferent firing rates. Although greater background muscle contraction increased the overall amplitude of the evoked responses, it did not increase the proportion of the muscle response attributable to cutaneous input.

Taken together, our findings support the use of NVS as a novel tool for probing the physiological properties of cutaneomotor reflex pathways.

Taken together, our findings support the use of NVS as a novel tool for probing the physiological properties of cutaneomotor reflex pathways.