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The main goal of the study was an adaptation and validation of the Hinting Task to Polish language. The Hinting Task is the main instrument used to assess theory of mind deficits in individuals with schizophrenia.

Two groups were compared in the course of the study individuals with schizophrenia and people without a history of mental and neurological disorders. Psychometric properties of the instrument were analysed. Between-group difference in the mean scores of the Hinting Task was also calculated. Additionally, in the clinical group, the correlation of the severity of psychopathological symptoms with the result of the Hinting Task was also assessed.

Results indicated satisfactory psychometric properties (internal consistency, inter-rater reliability and external validity) sufficient for between-group comparisons for research purposes. The presented test highly distinguished two assessed groups individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Contrary to the expectations, in the clinical group scores in the Hinting Task did not correlate with the severity of psychopathological symptoms.

Polish translation of the Hinting Task has psychometric properties appropriate for the research setting. Usefulness of the Hinting Task in other clinical groups should be addressed in future research.

Polish translation of the Hinting Task has psychometric properties appropriate for the research setting. Usefulness of the Hinting Task in other clinical groups should be addressed in future research.Pregnancy is a special period in any women's life. A pregnant woman who suffers from schizophrenia is a special patient and a huge challenge both for the psychiatrist and gynecologist. Such pregnancy is associated not only with the higher level of risk because of inappropriate diet, insufficient prenatal care and smoking but also because of the risk of possible mental degradation of a pregnant woman - occurrence or exacerbation of psychotic symptoms. Moreover, pharmaceutical treatment during pregnancy and its influence on fetus rises doubts and controversy. The aim of the study is to show three stories of pregnant patients treated for schizophrenia in a context of up to date knowledge on anti-psychotic treatment and to pay attention to the need of interdisciplinary approach to this special group of patients. Every pregnant woman suffering from schizophrenia requires individual approach in terms of treatment and care. The problem, which is still ignored, is the need of effective and constant cooperation between the doctors a psychiatrist and a gynecologist since the very beginning of pregnancy, in order to assess the risk factors associated with pregnancy and periparturient period.This paper describes the positive psychotherapy for psychosis (PPP) - a new approach for psychiatric rehabilitation for patients with chronic schizophrenia. Unlike some traditional methods of psychotherapy, PPP focuses on positives rather than on problems. PPPwas shown in the context of other therapeutic approaches used in psychiatric rehabilitation and a mechanism of changes in the functioning and thinking of patients using this approach was described. PPP strengthens the patients'resources, including positive emotions, positive features of character, sense of life, positive relationships, and internal motivation. PPPdoes not suggest that other approaches are inappropriate and it is not intended to replace well-established treatments. A program of 13 PPP sessions adapted for patients with schizophrenia was also described. PPP sessions were divided into 3 thematic groups and according to the degree of difficulty "the easiest" (savoring, positive things - sessions 1-4), "medium" (strong character traits, recognition of strengths in oneself, perceiving strengths in other people, positive communication - sessions 5-7) and "the most difficult" (bad vs. good memories, gratitude, forgiveness, hope, optimism and posttraumatic growth - sessions 8-13). The PPP has been introduced in the Day Care Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation of the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw. After 13 weeks, the initial observations were collected. They indicated that PPP can be successfully used in psychiatric rehabilitation.The sense of humor has a positive influence on mental and social functioning of humans by supporting interpersonal competences and effective coping with difficult situations. The aim of this study was to present research conducted to this date and concerning processing of humoristic content by people with schizophrenia in relation to cognitive deficits associated with this illness and their neurobiological background. Understanding of humor and its effective use require many linguistic and extralingustic skills, including processing of signals from social environment, such as correct recognition of emotional messages, understanding of a context of a humoristic situation, or drawing correct conclusions on a mental status of other people. An efficient use of the metaphorical language allows experiencing amusement resulting from inaccuracies, different semantic interpretations, irony, and sarcasm. A tendency for excessive concretism reflected in problems with understanding nonliteral content and semantically complex language structures, as well as other cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia patients, frequently hinder the use of humoristic messages. selleck chemical Better understanding of mechanisms controlling the effective use of humor may help to develop therapeutic tools to improve the communication efficiency of schizophrenia patients, as well as positively influence their social functioning.Schizophrenia is an illness with a large variety of symptoms, significant variability of the individual course, and still not fully explained etiology. It is suggested that genetic, infectious and immunological factors may be involved, and neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and neurotransmitter hypotheses have been proposed. Detection of the measurable and reproducible biological indicators of the clinical picture and the course, referred to as biomarkers, may be essential to elucidate the etiopathogenic mechanism of the illness. For schizophrenia, this function may be performed by the retina of the eye and other elements of the visual pathway. The observed abnormalities are of a structural and functional nature. They concern virtually the entire visual system, and, in accordance with the neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia, arise at the early stages of brain formation. What is essential - the specific structure of the human eye, its translucency, lack of myelin and low concentration of glial cells provide excellent opportunities for non-invasive assessment of the microstructure and function of the central nervous system.