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Quantitative assessment and long-term analysis of ecological vulnerability can effectively grasp the driving factors of environmental change, which is of great significance for ecological protection and restoration. This study took 381 villages in Jingle County, a typical ecological vulnerable area on the Loess Plateau, as basic evaluation unit, and an ecological vulnerability evaluation index system with 12 evaluation indexes was constructed based on "sensitivity-resilience-pressure" (SRP) conceptual model. Combined with spatial principal component analysis, spatial autocorrelation, cross-sectional and panel regression, the spatio-temporal variation characteristics and driving factors of ecological vulnerability in 2005, 2010 and 2015 were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that areas classified as not and somewhat vulnerable were expanding, while areas classified as highly and extremely vulnerable were shrinking from 2005 to 2015. The variations of ecological vulnerability were the result of interaction of natural environment and human activities, among which Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), distance from main road and distance from river system were conducive to reducing ecological vulnerability, moreover, NDVI has the greatest impact on the probability of ecological vulnerability transition from high to low, with a regression coefficient of 46.66. The impact of social factors decreased relatively, while the role of natural factors increased, and increasing vegetation coverage and economic development helped reduce ecological vulnerability.Predicted sea level fluctuations and sea level rise with climate change will lead to inundation of coastal and estuarine soils. Coastal wetlands usually contain large amounts of organic matter, which can be potential sources of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs; CO2, CH4, N2O) during decomposition, but there are limited studies on the effects of sea level variation on GHGs in coastal wetlands. We measured the effect of brackish water inundation and wetting and drying cycles on GHG emissions from coastal wetland soil cores that supported four different vegetation types Apium gravedens (AG), Leptospermum lanigerum (LL), Phragmites australis (PA) and Paspalum distichum (PD) from the estuarine floodplain of the Aire River in south-western Victoria, Australia. Intact soil cores were incubated under either dry, flooded, or a 14 day wet-dry cycle treatments for a total of 56 days at a constant temperature of 23 °C. CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes were investigated in closed chambers and measured with gas chromatography. In thof sea level fluctuations when estimating GHG flux from coastal and estuarine floodplains which are highly vulnerable to inundation, and the role of SOC and mineral N as important drivers affecting GHG flux.Substrate salinity is a critical factor influencing microbial fuel cells (MFCs) performance and various studies have suggested that increasing substrate salinity first improves MFC performance. However, a further increase in salinity that exceeds the salinity tolerance of exoelectrogens shows negative effects because of inhibited bacterial activity and increased activation losses. In this review, electricity generation and contaminant removal from saline substrates using MFCs are summarized, and results show different optimal salinities for obtaining maximum performance. Then, electroactive bacteria capable of tolerating saline environments and strategies for improving salinity tolerance are discussed. In addition to ohmic resistance and bacterial activity, membrane resistance and catalyst performance will also be affected by substrate salinity, all of which jointly contribute the final overall MFC performance. Therefore, the combined effect of salinity is analyzed to illustrate how the MFC performance changes with increasing salinity. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of MFCs operated in saline environments are discussed.Protected areas (PAs) are considered essential for biodiversity conservation, and concerns about the effectiveness of PAs in terms of reducing deforestation are growing. However, few studies have identified the management measures that best reduce deforestation within existing PAs. Here, we carried out 10-year (from 2007 to 2016) field surveys and obtained a database of 10 management measures of 227 PAs mainly protecting forest ecosystems in China. We examined the contributions of the above 10 management measures in relation to the effectiveness of 227 PAs in reducing deforestation. Our results indicated that 52.68% of PAs had positive effects related to reducing deforestation (E > 0, P less then 0.05), while 16.52% of PAs had negative effects (E less then 0, P less then 0.05). The most important management measures affecting the effectiveness of PAs in reducing deforestation were funding, infrastructure, and scientific research and monitoring. Thus, our study provides evidence indicating that improved funding and scientific research benefit the effectiveness of PAs. R16 molecular weight The findings have global implications for guiding PAs to take explicit measures to improve the outcomes of biodiversity conservation.Marine organisms such as fish are at risk of exposure to petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released in oil spills. PAH toxicities are affected by the rates of PAH biotransformation and elimination in fish tissues, but little information on these rates is available. In this study, the biotransformation and tissue distribution of methylated phenanthrenes-typical petrogenic PAHs found after oil spills-in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) were investigated. Two groups of fish were used. Each fish in one group was given a single intragastric dose of 3-methylphenanthrene, and each fish in the other group was given a single intragastric dose of 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene. The fish were allowed to recover in purified sea water for 196 h. Methylated phenanthrenes were detected in only blood and liver for 24 h after dosing, but the concentrations decreased over time and > 98% had been eliminated by the end of the study. Four mono-hydroxylated metabolites of 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene and six mono-hydroxylated metabolites of 3-methylphenanthrene were tentatively identified for the first time from tandem mass spectrometry analyses of fish bile.