Dwyersutherland4728

Photolysis of pesticides has been widely investigated for evaluating their environmental behavior and agricultural effectiveness after crop spraying. However, little information about the effects of the water-soluble substances in atmosphere on photodegradation of pesticides is available. In current study, we found that photolysis of applied dithianon fungicides on real plant leaves was much faster than that in sealed stock aqueous suspensions under simulated sunlight. To simulate the natural conditions, for the first time, photodegradation of dithianon in air-saturated solutions containing typical dissolved atmospheric substances (DAS) including CO2 (HCO3-/CO32-), NO2 (NO3-), Fe3+ (Fe3+-complexes), and humic-like substances (HULIS) exposed to simulated solar irradiations were carried out in lab-scale. Fulvic acid (FA) was used as a surrogate for atmospheric HULIS in this study. The dithianon photodegradation was significantly enhanced in the presence of DAS and the photo-generated reactive species such as ·OH, 1O2, CO3·- and 3FA∗ play important roles according to the results of reactive species quenching, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and laser flash photolysis experiments. Moreover, the photodegraded intermediates and final products of dithianon on plant leaves have been identified by HPLC-MS analysis, and its possible photodegradation pathways were proposed. This work indicated that, except for direct photolysis, indirect photosensitive degradation induced by the dissolved photo-active substances in atmosphere should be considered for evaluating the degradation of the applied pesticides on crops. Developing rare earth elements (plus yttrium, REY) as a group of environmental tracer requires comprehensive understandings in their geochemical behaviors associated with natural organic matter. Recent work highlighted the promotions on REY mobilization and cerium oxidation by siderophores during silicate dissolution, but the mechanism remained ambiguous. Here, we performed batch fluid-rock interaction experiments to explore the functions of siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) and humic acids (HA) towards REY mobility and partitioning during REY-bearing ferrihydrite dissolution. To acquire in-depth knowledge of organic controls on REY, we used multiple strategies, including elemental, multispectral, and electrochemical analyses, to investigate the organic regulation on REY geochemistry. This study sheds light on the function of ligand-specific selectivity and solid-fluid organic molecular fractionation, primarily dependent on hydrochemical settings (pH, organic compounds, ionic strength, and oxicity). Our results confirm the catalytic oxidation ability of ligand, which forms DFOB-Ce(IV) (K = 1042, electrochemistry), producing positive Ce anomalies in solutions by ligand-driven redox shifting. Both HA and DFOB showed high affinities to HREY, and facilitated LREY/HREY partitioning. The mobilization of REY and the development of Ce anomalies were limited by HA coatings that modified surface properties and disturbed the approach of DFOB. Excess siderophores attack inert HA coatings, facilitating REY liberation and Ce redox activities. The release of REY and catalytic oxidation of Ce can be inhibited at high ionic strength or under oxygen deficiency. Our study reveals that natural organic matter significantly influences the fate of REY in iron oxides, and crucial for the biogeochemical cycles of REY in nature. The root soil interaction affects metal bioavailability in the rhizosphere, thus impacting the uptake and accumulation of metals by plants. In this study, a greenhouse experiment using a root-bag technique for castor bean plants was conducted to determine the i) rhizosphere effect on the fractions of Cu, and ii) the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the rhizosphere soil. Results showed that the Cu concentration in the leaves, stems, and roots was 15.41, 6.71, and 47.85 mg kg-1, respectively, in the control and reached up to 96.5, 254.9, and 3204 mg kg-1 in Cu400 treatment, respectively. After cultivating castor bean plants, the concentration of acid exchangeable Cu in rhizosphere soil was higher than that in the bulk soil for the same Cu addition, whereas the concentrations of reducible Cu, oxidizable Cu, and residual Cu in the rhizosphere soil were all lower than those in the bulk soil, respectively. In comparison to the bulk soil, the pH decreased while the total nitrogen and total carbon concentrations both increased in the rhizosphere soil. Moreover, the concentrations of total low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) and total amino acids in the rhizosphere soil of the Cu treatments increased by between 15.18% to 47.17% and 36.35%-200%, respectively with respect to the control. The less complex DOM with a high LMWOAs concentration in the rhizosphere soil shifted the soil Cu from a relative stable fraction to available fractions. A novel catalyst (Fe-MOFs-MW) was facilely synthesized under microwave-assisted with NaOH as modulator for activating peroxydisulfate (PDS). The accelerated nucleation process was confirmed by Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) model. There were abundant reactive sites on prepared Fe-MOFs-MW while maintaining high Space-Time-Yield value up to 2300 kg/m3·d. Degradation performance of Fe-MOFs-MW as PDS catalyst on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal was evaluated. Results indicated that Fe-MOFs-MW with more Fe element anchored (10%) exhibited excellent catalytic capacity for PDS. Besides, the fantastic stability and reusability were confirmed through recycle experiment. After recycled for 4 times, the removal efficiency of SMX and TOC was 88% and 31.3% compared to 98% and 38% without recycling, respectively. An accurate prediction model on the degradation effect with water matrices coexisted was established by response surface methodology (RSM) method. Moreover, SO4·-, O2·- and ·OH were confirmed as the main reactive species through chemical quenching and EPR tests. The mechanism of Fe-MOFs-MW/PDS process mainly based on electron circulation theory was proposed. As the robust PDS catalyst, facile prepared Fe-MOFs-MW was promising in the treatment of emerging pollutants. In this work, the use in fuel cell mode of three electro-absorbers is evaluated for the chloralkaline process and performance is compared with that of a conventional PEMFC operated at the same operation conditions (room temperature). To do this, four cells have been in-house manufactured and compared, in order to determine which electrolyte (solution containing the active species or the membrane) is the best and which is the influence of the absorption stage on the operation of the cell. Because of the high solubility of chlorine, only the hydrogen absorption has been considered in order to evaluate relevant differences in the performance. Results demonstrate that design of the cell has a superb significance on the performances obtained. Cells with membrane-electrode assemblies are more efficient than those in which the membrane is used only as an electrodic compartment separator and utilization of devices which produce tiny bubbles of gas into the electrolyte is also very advantageous in order to obtain higher efficiencies. Results are of a great significance for the design of electro-absorbers and this paper is a first approach to face the design of reversible electrochemical cells for the chloralkaline process. The multidimensional characteristics and temporal dynamics of environmental risks have stimulated a social-scientific approach towards air pollution issues in recent decades. It's now widely acknowledged that air pollution has an ineligible influence on the psychological wellbeing of citizens beyond its well-established physical impact. We explored how fine particulate matter (PM2.5), an essential air pollutant associated with morbidity and mortality, interacted with aspects of risk perception to influence citizen's mental stress level. Questionnaire data from 508 Nanjing citizens in China were collected across four seasons within an 18-month period. We found no evidence that mental stress was directly influenced by real-time PM2.5 exposure. However, path analysis revealed that mental stress was subjected to the indirect influence of physical symptoms (β = 0.076, p = 0.11), by increasing perceived effect on health and increasing attribution to indoor pollution sources (β = 0.038, p = 0.005). Indoor attribution of PM2.5 pollution was associated with perceived familiarity with risk (β = -0.095, p = 0.033), whereas outdoor attribution was associated with perceived control of risk (β = 0.091, p = 0.041). Public risk acceptable rate (PRAR) decreased as PM2.5 concentration increased. In females, but not males, greater trust for government was associated with the increased acceptance of PM2.5 (Year2017 β = -0.19, p = 0.003; Year2022 β = -0.21, p  less then  0.001). Using psychological statistical methods, our study implied that air pollution has a substantial association with psychological wellbeing in various ways, which might provide some references for public healthcare and risk communication. Microplastics are abundant in oceans, lakes, soils and even air, and can pose potential threats to human health through food or respiratory intake. Moreover, microplastics have synergistic toxicity to the body after absorbing organic pollutants. In this study, laser scanning confocal microscope and flow cytometry were used to observe the intake of colonic cancer Caco-2 cells to polystyrene plastic with five different particlesizes (300 nm, 500 nm, 1 μm, 3 μm, 6 μm). The uptake rates of microplastics with different particle sizes were 73%, 71%, 49%, 43%, and 30%, respectively. Then, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the adsorption differences of polystyrene plastic with different particle sizes to bisphenol A (BPA). Finally, the proliferation toxicity of polystyrene microplastics with different particle sizeson Caco-2 cells before and after adsorption of BPA was compared. MTT experiments confirmed that microplastics caused an increase in cytotoxicity. This result may be related to increased cellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial depolarization. This hypothesis has been confirmed in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assays because nanoscale microplastics cause a large amount of ROS on Caco-2 cells after microplastic exposure, and micron-scale microplastics cause a significant decrease in MMP. At the same time, nanoscale microplastics can cause further depolarization of mitochondria due to their large specific surface area adsorption of BPA, which leads to enhanced cytotoxicity of microplastics after BPA adsorption. The results of this study are of great significance in the evaluation of the safety of microplastics in the human body. Fetal overexposure to active glucocorticoid (GC) is the major cause for fetal growth restriction (FGR). This study investigated the influences of cadmium (Cd) exposure on active GC and its mechanism in placental trophoblasts. Pregnant mice were exposed to CdCl2 (4.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Human JEG-3 cells were treated with CdCl2 (0-20 μM). Prenatal Cd exposure significantly increased active GC level in amniotic fluid and placenta. Similarly, Cd treatment also elevated active GC level in medium. Expectedly, the expression of 11β-HSD2 protein was markedly downregulated in Cd-exposed placental trophoblasts. We further found that Cd activated the PERK/p-eIF2α signaling pathway in placental trophoblasts. Mechanistically, PERK siRNA pretreatment completely blocked PERK/p-eIF2α signaling, and thereby restoring Cd-downregulated 11β-HSD2 protein expression in human placental trophoblasts. We further found that N-acetylcysteine, a well-known antioxidant, obviously reversed Cd-downregulated 11β-HSD2 protein expression by inhibiting p-PERK/p-eIF2α signaling in placental trophoblasts.