Dueholmkrabbe3976

Deterioration in white-matter health plays a role in cognitive ageing. Our goal was to discern heterogeneity of white-matter tract vulnerability in ageing using longitudinal imaging data (two to five imaging and cognitive assessments per participant) from a population-based sample of 553 elderly participants (age ≥60 years). We found that different clusters (healthy white matter, fast white-matter decliners and intermediate white-matter group) were heterogeneous in the spatial distribution of white-matter integrity, systemic health and cognitive trajectories. White-matter health of specific tracts (genu of corpus callosum, posterior corona radiata and anterior internal capsule) informed about cluster assignments. Not surprisingly, brain amyloidosis was not significantly different between clusters. Clusters had differential white-matter tract vulnerability to ageing (commissural fibres > association/brainstem fibres). Identification of vulnerable white-matter tracts is a valuable approach to assessing risk for cognitive decline.Neurodevelopmental difficulties emerge in very preterm born children ( less then 32-week gestation) in infancy and continue to early adulthood but little is known about their social-cognitive development. This study utilized the complementary methodological advantages of both functional MRI and magnetoencephalography to examine the neural underpinnings of Theory of Mind in very preterm birth. Theory of Mind, one of the core social-cognitive skills, is the ability to attribute mental states to others, and is crucial for predicting others' behaviours in social interactions. Eighty-three children (40 very preterm born, 24 boys, age = 8.7 ± 0.5 years, and 43 full-term born, 22 boys, age = 8.6 ± 0.5 years) completed the study. In functional MRI, both groups recruited classic Theory of Mind areas, without significant group differences. However, reduced Theory of Mind connectivity in the very preterm born group was found in magnetoencephalography in distinct theta, alpha and beta-band networks anchored in a set of brain regions that comprise the social brain. These networks included regions such as the angular gyrus, the medial pre-frontal cortex, the superior temporal gyrus and the temporal poles. Very preterm born children showed increased connectivity compared to controls in a network anchored in the occipital gyri rather than classical social-processing regions. Very preterm born children made significantly more attribution errors and mis-construed the social scenarios. Findings offer novel insight into the neural networks, supporting social cognition in very preterm born children and highlight the importance of multimodal neuroimaging to interrogate the social brain in clinical populations.Muscle motor-evoked potentials are commonly monitored during brain tumour surgery in motor areas, as these are assumed to reflect the integrity of descending motor pathways, including the corticospinal tract. However, while the loss of muscle motor-evoked potentials at the end of surgery is associated with long-term motor deficits (muscle motor-evoked potential-related deficits), there is increasing evidence that motor deficit can occur despite no change in muscle motor-evoked potentials (muscle motor-evoked potential-unrelated deficits), particularly after surgery of non-primary regions involved in motor control. In this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence of muscle motor-evoked potential-unrelated deficits and to identify the associated brain regions. We retrospectively reviewed 125 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for peri-Rolandic lesions using intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring. Intraoperative changes in muscle motor-evoked potentials were correlated with motor outcome, asse potentials, a combination of awake and/or novel asleep techniques other than muscle motor-evoked potentials monitoring should be implemented.Female sex, age and carriage of the apolipoprotein E e4 allele are the greatest risk factors for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. The hippocampus has a selective vulnerability to atrophy in ageing that may be accelerated in Alzheimer's disease, including in those with increased genetic risk of the disease, years before onset. Within the hippocampal complex, subfields represent cytoarchitectonic and connectivity based divisions. Variation in global hippocampal and subfield volume associated with sex, age and apolipoprotein E e4 status has the potential to provide a sensitive biomarker of future vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease. Here, we examined non-linear age, sex and apolipoprotein E effects, and their interactions, on hippocampal and subfield volumes across several decades spanning mid-life to old age in 36 653 healthy ageing individuals. FMRIB Software Library derived estimates of total hippocampal volume and Freesurfer derived estimates hippocampal subfield volume were estimated. A model-free, sliding-window approach was implemented that does not assume a linear relationship between age and subfield volume. The annualized percentage of subfield volume change was calculated to investigate associations with age, sex and apolipoprotein E e4 homozygosity. Hippocampal volume showed a marked reduction in apolipoprotein E e4/e4 female carriers after age 65. Volume was lower in homozygous e4 individuals in specific subfields including the presubiculum, subiculum head, cornu ammonis 1 body, cornu ammonis 3 head and cornu ammonis 4. Nearby brain structures in medial temporal and subcortical regions did not show the same age, sex and apolipoprotein E interactions, suggesting selective vulnerability of the hippocampus and its subfields. The findings demonstrate that in healthy ageing, two factors-female sex and apolipoprotein E e4 status-confer selective vulnerability of specific hippocampal subfields to volume loss.Structural characterization of RNAs is a dynamic field, offering many modelling possibilities. RNA secondary structure models are usually characterized by an encoding that depicts structural information of the molecule through string representations or graphs. In this work, we provide a generalization of the BEAR encoding (a context-aware structural encoding we previously developed) by expanding the set of alignments used for the construction of substitution matrices and then applying it to secondary structure encodings ranging from fine-grained to more coarse-grained representations. We also introduce a re-interpretation of the Shannon Information applied on RNA alignments, proposing a new scoring metric, the Relative Information Gain (RIG). The RIG score is available for any position in an alignment, showing how different levels of detail encoded in the RNA representation can contribute differently to convey structural information. The approaches presented in this study can be used alongside state-of-the-art tools to synergistically gain insights into the structural elements that RNAs and RNA families are composed of. This additional information could potentially contribute to their improvement or increase the degree of confidence in the secondary structure of families and any set of aligned RNAs.This study of two Franco-British cultural mediators and their entourage explores the criteria of age and personal affinities in the process of acculturation through sports in nineteenth century France. The youth of those who were the first to take up on modern sports is an element that at first seems obvious, but it is probable that up until now this has been underestimated in the understanding of the way individuals opened up to embrace these new activities. Nevertheless, this factor is powerful, in particular when crossed with personal links such as friendship or camaraderie which prompt the sharing and discovery of sporting activities. Despite their dual culture, Alfred Swann (1863-1928) and Cosme de Satgé (1840-1898) did not adopt British pastimes with the same enthusiasm the former discovered modern sport when he was an adolescent and became an active agent in their spread in Paris whereas the latter did not manage to truly appreciate and pass on British Leisure activities he discovered after he had turned 30. Moreover, both cases underline the fact that sports diffusion often follows the channels of personal affinities the young lycée pupils around Alfred Swann, like Cosme de Satgé's children, were acculturated through British sports at the time of their adolescence, not by adults, but by friends and chums of their age.Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare but severe fibroinflammatory disease of the extrahepatic and the intrahepatic bile ducts. Without prompt interventions, BA has fatal outcomes and is the most common indicator for pediatric liver transplantation (LTx). While the mainstay of treatment involves surgically correcting the extrahepatic biliary obstruction via Kasai hepato-portoenterostomy (KHPE), activation of a multitude of biological pathways and yet-to-be-determined etiology in BA continue to foster liver inflammation, cirrhosis and need for LTx. However, important caveats still exist in our understandings of the biliary pathophysiology, the rapidity of liver fibrosis and progression to liver failure, largely due to limited knowledge of the triggers of biliary injury and the inability to accurately model human BA. Although inconclusive, a large body of existing literature points to a potential viral infection in the early peri- or postnatal period as triggers of epithelial injury that perpetuates the downstream bilways and bring us one step closer in treating an infant with BA, a population highly vulnerable to life-long liver related complications.Cities have the potential to lead the way to a cleaner, greener, more inclusive future, but this cannot be achieved without effective leadership and governance. Here, we ask experts to reflect upon the governance challenges on the way to a sustainable urban world.

To evaluate medical abortion effectiveness and safety in women at 13 or more weeks gestation provided care through Women on Web's telemedicine service.

We conducted a retrospective case study of abortions at 13 or more weeks gestation provided by Women on Web between 2016 and 2019. Women received mifepristone and misoprostol or misoprostol alone for abortion. We extracted demographic characteristics and outcome data for cases with pregnancy continuation outcomes.

We identified 144 women who used medical abortion at 13 or more weeks; 131 (91%) provided abortion outcome data. Almost all, 118 (90%) received mifepristone and misoprostol. The population had an average age of 26 ± 5.8 years, 102 (78%) reported a gestational age of 13 to 15 weeks, 114 (87%) had experienced prior pregnancy, and represented all world regions. Overall, 13 (10%) women reported a continuing pregnancy, with 5 (5%) among women 13 to 15 weeks and 8 (28%) among those ≥16 weeks (

=0.001); 38 (29%) reported adverse events (heavy bleedinter.

A growing evidence suggests that immune dysregulation and thrombotic phenomena are key features in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Apart from antivirals and respiratory support, anticoagulants, corticoids and immunomodulators are increasingly being prescribed, especially for more severe cases. We describe the clinical outcome of a large cohort of patients preferentially treated with glucocorticoids and interleukin inhibitors.

Single center and retrospective case series. Adult patients admitted with COVID-19 related respiratory insufficiency were included. Patients who died within 2 days after admission and those testing positive but asymptomatic were excluded. We defined two study periods from March 3rd to March 31 st, 2020 (beginning of epidemic until peak of incidence) and April 1 st to May 7 th, 2020 (second half of epidemic). The majority of patients received respiratory support, combinations of antimicrobials, anticoagulants, corticoids and interleukin inhibitors. Antivirals were preferentially given in the first period.