Donnellyklint2213

Recently, Zhong and Langrish (2020a) presented an excellent review on typical in vitro physical stomach models reported in literature with an emphasis on their structures, materials, peristalsis, shear stress, pros and cons. We read it with great interest and provided further information (Wu & Chen, 2020) on our home-made rat and human stomach systems which were discussed in the review. Zhong and Langrish (2020b) followed up with a response letter to our note providing their observations on the matters. The current letter hopefully provides a sufficient response to their comments. It is believed through this back-and-forth process, the issues of uncertainty are nicely clarified for interested readers.Fava beans are considered basic food in Egypt and all over the world. They are a source of many bioactive secondary metabolites. Since there are many Egyptian cultivars of fava beans, this study addresses comparative chemical profiling of three Egyptian cultivars of fava beans namely Sakha 3, Nubaria 3, and Giza 843. The study also focuses on the effect of germination on the chemical profile of phenolic compounds and saponins. Sixty-five metabolites were characterized based on their UV spectra, accurate MS, and MS/MS data using RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS, including 37 metabolites reported for the first time in fava beans. The observed metabolites are phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids), saponins, alkaloids, amino acids, nucleosides, organic acids, sugars, and a jasmonate. In fact, upon quantifying the area of metabolites in their chromatographic profiles, it was remarkable that germination increased the quantities of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and saponins. Moreover, the yield (%) of extracts, TPC, and DPPH increased upon sprouting. The TPC and the relative amounts of flavones, saponins, and amino acids showed a good positive correlation with DPPH. These findings elucidated the first report on the metabolic profiling of these cultivars as well as their antioxidant activities.The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity and biological properties of two traditional Saharian plants (Cymbopogon schoenanthus and Ziziphus lotus). The plant extracts were obtained by using a different combination of extraction methods (conventional vs. ultrasound-assisted) and solvents (water vs. ethanolwater (5050, v/v)). The antioxidant profile, anti-inflammatory activity and impact on bacterial growth (foodborne and probiotic bacteria) of the obtained extracts were assessed. The plant species showed the hierarchically more important role in determining the biological properties of the extracts, followed by extraction solvent and extraction conditions. Conventional Z. lotus hydroethanolic extracts showed the highest total phenolic content (20.4 mg GAE/g), while Z. lotus ethanol extracts from ultrasound-assisted process presented the highest content of carotenoids (0.15 mg/g). In addition, ultrasound-assisted Z. lotus hydroethanolic extracts presented the highest in vitro radical scavenging activity, being 7.93 mmol Trolox/g. Multivariate analysis statistics (PCA) showed that both the extraction methodology and the solvent used strongly affected the bacterial growth. Z. lotus mainly decreased the growth rate of S. aureus and L. innocua. Interestingly, the aqueous extracts of this plant as well as those from C. schoenanthus, obtained by conventional extraction, significantly increased the growth rate and the maximal optical density of L. casei. Aqueous extracts of both Z. lotus and C. schoenanthus slightly influenced the growth of Bifidobacterium. Overall, the extracts of these plants showed selective activities with respect to pathogens and probiotic bacteria and may provide an advantage both in terms of antimicrobial and prebiotic activity.Studies have reported that procyanidins can interact with proteins, thereby affecting their structure, function, and bioaccessibility. In this paper, we investigated the interaction between grape seeds procyanidins (GSP) and animal source protein (from pig, chicken and fish), and the effects on the protein structure, antioxidant capacity and bioaccessibility of GSP. Fluorescence results showed that the binding constant of GSP-protein complex was 10-104 M-1, and the main forces were van der Waals force, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The antioxidant capacity of GSP was masked by GSP-protein complexes formed. The circular dichroism indicated that GSP had an effect on the content of α-helix and β-sheet in the secondary structure of pork and chicken proteins, but had little effect on the secondary structure of fish protein. The results showed that the protein can bind to GSP and affect its antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility. This study can provide reference for further study on the digestion and absorption of the complexes and offer health guidance in the preparation of diets.The consumption of broccoli provides a large quantity of compounds with nutraceutical properties to the human diet. Broccoli has a high content of glucosinolates, compounds of the specialized metabolism with anticarcinogenic activity. In a previous work, we found that harvesting different time-points during the day affects the rate of senescence of broccoli heads during postharvest storage. In this work, we tested the same cultural practice to evaluate glucosinolate content and expression of genes involved in glucosinolate metabolism. Broccoli heads were harvested at 800, 1300 and 1800 h and stored for 5 d at 20 °C in darkness. We found that content and composition of the glucosinolate pool was affected by the time of harvest. Levels of indolic glucosinolates decreased with the time of harvest on the day whereas indolic glucosinolate showed only a moderate decrease. The expression of genes associated to the biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates was variable during the day. In relation to indolic glucosinolglucosinolates during postharvest storage.Calcium phosphates present in whey mineral residue is a potential source of calcium for dietary purposes. Combinations of aqueous isocitrate and citrate were found more efficient than each of the isomers in dissolving dried insoluble whey processing mineral residues spontaneously forming supersaturated solutions. Hydrogen isocitrate was found around 30% less efficient in these non thermal dissolution processes compared to hydrogen citrate based on amount of dissolved calcium. selleck kinase inhibitor In contrast, the lag phase of up to 4 h for precipitation of calcium citrate from the supersaturated solutions was significantly longer when calcium isocitrate was present. Highest degree of supersaturation with longest lag phase for precipitation was found for citrate/isocitrate combinations in a 11 ratio. Addition of calcium saccharate during dissolution further prolonged the lag phase simultaneously preserving the higher supersaturation degrees. Combinations of the three hydroxycarboxylates seem accordingly to provide a basis for increasing calcium availability from dried whey mineral fractions consisting mainly of calcium hydrogen phosphate and hydroxyapatite of low solubility with the perspective of transforming a side stream from cheese production into valuable functional foods.