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04, 0.04, 0.04, respectively).

On brain MRI, FBGs can be differentiated from RTs by their relatively smaller size, hypointensity on T2WI, lack of restricted diffusion on DWI, and "ring and bubble" appearance on contrast-enhanced T1WI. Comparing the MRI findings of the focal lesion in the tumour bed with those of the original tumour is suggested to enhance diagnostic confidence.

On brain MRI, FBGs can be differentiated from RTs by their relatively smaller size, hypointensity on T2WI, lack of restricted diffusion on DWI, and "ring and bubble" appearance on contrast-enhanced T1WI. Comparing the MRI findings of the focal lesion in the tumour bed with those of the original tumour is suggested to enhance diagnostic confidence.

To review the ultrasonographic outcomes of persistent lymph nodes, in the absence of other concerning signs or symptoms, in patients <6 years of age.

A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 98 patients <6 years old who had neck ultrasound for persistent lymph nodes at a single university hospital over a 3.5 year period between January 2016 and June 2019.

There were no cases of malignant disease or serious systemic illness. Ninety-two of the 98 examinations showed normal or reactive lymph nodes. There were three sonographically indeterminate cases and two non-lymph-node structures haemangioma and dermoid cyst. One examination reported an abnormal lymph node, which had resolved by the time of review in clinic.

Persistently enlarged or abnormal lymph nodes should be investigated; however, a distinction should be made between lymph nodes that have regressed to <1 cm but are still palpable and persistently enlarged or abnormal lymph nodes. The findings of the present study indicate that persistence of non-enlarged lymph nodes is not a predictor for malignancy. It is advised that clear guidelines are used, which state the criteria for further investigation, to promote the best use of imaging.

Persistently enlarged or abnormal lymph nodes should be investigated; however, a distinction should be made between lymph nodes that have regressed to less then 1 cm but are still palpable and persistently enlarged or abnormal lymph nodes. The findings of the present study indicate that persistence of non-enlarged lymph nodes is not a predictor for malignancy. It is advised that clear guidelines are used, which state the criteria for further investigation, to promote the best use of imaging.

It has been postulated that video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is superior than conventional thoracotomy for resection of congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) in terms of shorter hospital length of stay, reduced post-operative complication and better long-term pulmonary outcome. However, there is limited available data concerning the effect of VATS and conventional thoracotomy on musculoskeletal aspects in patients with CPAM. This study aims to compare the long-term effects of both surgical techniques on musculoskeletal outcomes in this group of patients.

Thirty-five patients with mean age of 11.38 years old who underwent VATS or conventional thoracotomy for CPAM resection were recruited in this study. The mean follow-up time was 10.42 years (5.48 to 17.71 years). Musculoskeletal examination included screening of musculoskeletal deformities (elevation of shoulder, asymmetry of nipple level, breast/ pectoral muscle maldevelopment, winging of scapula, scoliosis), measurement of bilateral chest wall in relation to anatomical parameter, and testing of shoulder range of motion and power.

The prevalence of winged scapula was significantly lower in patients who underwent VATS than thoracotomy (13% vs 58%, p=0.008). There is also a smaller reduction in operated-side chest wall vertical distance in VATS patients (0.982vs 0.956, p=0.058). There were no significant difference in prevalence of other musculoskeletal deformities, other chest wall measurements, shoulder range of motion and power between two groups.

Thoracoscopy decreases the incidence of scapular winging but has no effect on effect on other musculoskeletal deformities.

Thoracoscopy decreases the incidence of scapular winging but has no effect on effect on other musculoskeletal deformities.

To date, there is no study about trace metal level increases in hair after stainless steel pectus bar implantation. We aimed to determine whether there was any significant increase in the levels of trace metals in the hair of children who underwent minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) and minimally invasive repair of pectus carinatum (MIRPC).

In this prospective study, we collected the data of 223 patients who underwent MIRPE and MIRPC between November 2013 and August 2020. The levels of main components of the stainless steel pectus bar ("PES", Medxpert GmbH, Escbach, Germany) namely Cr, Fe, Ni, and Mo in hair were analyzed. The study involved two study groups A group of patients who underwent MIRPE with a single bar (n=112) and a group of patients who underwent MIRPC (n=71). Both groups were analyzed in two different timelines A group of consecutive patients prior to bar implantation and a group of the same patients who underwent bar removal after a mean time of 34.6±5.1 months.

Statistically significant increases in all studied trace metal levels were observed in the single-bar MIRPE group. In the MIRPC group, the accumulation of studied trace metals was no statistically significant. The double-bar MIRPE group had higher trace metal increase rates compared to single-bar MIRPE group (p>0.05).

In our study; increases in iron, chrome, nickel and molybdenum levels were observed in both MIRPE and MIRPC patients by hair trace metal analysis; but these increases were statistically significant in only MIRPE group.

In our study; increases in iron, chrome, nickel and molybdenum levels were observed in both MIRPE and MIRPC patients by hair trace metal analysis; but these increases were statistically significant in only MIRPE group.

Both homocysteine (Hcy) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) induce endothelial dysfunction. However, the impact of both elevations on all-cause death is not known. We investigated the association between elevations of Hcy or ADMA and all-cause death in a general population.

A total of 517 subjects (224 men, 293 women; mean age, 62.8 years) were recruited from a population-based survey in 1999 in Tanushimaru, and we measured fasting plasma Hcy and ADMA levels. We followed them up for over 20 years and examined the effect on mortality using Cox proportional hazard regression model.

The mean follow-up years were 17.7 (1.8-20.8). In this period, 182 subjects have died (35.2%). The correlation between Hcy and ADMA was high (r=0.194; p<0.001). With Cox regression analysis after adjustments for age and sex, elevated log transformed Hcy levels were significantly associated with all-cause death (p=0.028). check details When Hcy and ADMA levels were divided into quintiles, the hierarchical model showed the synergistic effect of Hcy and ADMA on all-cause death.