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This study aimed to compare the torque generated by 4 different files in root canals with 4 different curvature angles.

Four brands of nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic files were selected WaveOne Primary (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), WaveOne Gold Primary (Dentsply Sirona), ProTaper Universal F2 (Dentsply Sirona), and ProTaper Next X2 (Dentsply Sirona). A tempered steel block containing artificial canals with 4 different canal curvatures (15°, 25°, 35°, and 45°) was constructed. Each file was used according to the manufacturer's instructions in the dynamic model, with an added 15 axial up-and-down movements of 4mm at the end of the canal. The generated torque was recorded, and the total and maximum torque values were measured. Two-way analysis of variance and the Duncan post hoc comparison test were performed at a significance level of 95%.

A significant correlation between the curvature angle and the type of file system was observed (P<.05). As the degree of canal curvature increased, the generated total and maximum torque increased. At 15° and 25°, the NiTi files with reciprocating motion generated a higher total and maximum torque than files with continuous rotation. ProTaper Universal of conventional NiTi alloy showed the steepest increase in the generated total and maximum torque with the increasing curvature angle. The ProTaper Next file had the lowest torque values at the higher canal angles of 35° and 45° (P<.05).

Despite the study limitations, it can be concluded that root canal curvature, design, and heat treatment of NiTi files and file kinematics affect the generated torque during instrumentation.

Despite the study limitations, it can be concluded that root canal curvature, design, and heat treatment of NiTi files and file kinematics affect the generated torque during instrumentation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the fracture resistance of endodontically treated and restored permanent mandibular molars with minimally invasive access cavities subjected to thermocycling and dynamic loading.

Forty first and second mandibular molars were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=10/group) as follows group 1, control (intact teeth); group 2, traditional access cavity (TradAC); group 3, conservative access cavity (ConsAC); and group 4, truss access cavity (TrecAC). After endodontic treatment, teeth were restored with SDR core (Dentsply Caulk, Milford, DE) and subjected to thermocycling followed by dynamic and static loading with a multiaxial fatigue testing machine (Instron, Canton, MA). The maximum load to fracture and pattern of failure (restorable/unrestorable) were recorded. Data were evaluated with analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test for multiple comparisons.

Fracture resistance of the samples in the control group were higher than those in the experimental groups (P<.005). TradAC exhibited the least resistance to fracture (P<.005). There was no statistically significant difference in the fracture resistance of ConsAC and TrecAC (P=.361) Unrestorable fractures were more frequent in the TradAC group compared with all other groups.

Mandibular molars with ConsAC and TrecAC exhibited superior fracture resistance compared with TradAC. TradAC had the highest number of unrestorable fractures.

Mandibular molars with ConsAC and TrecAC exhibited superior fracture resistance compared with TradAC. TradAC had the highest number of unrestorable fractures.Neurodegenerative diseases are heterogeneous in their cause and clinical presentation making clinical assessment and disease monitoring challenging. Because of this, there is an urgent need for objective tools such as fluid biomarkers able to quantitate different aspects of the disease. In the last decade, technological improvements and awareness of the importance of biorepositories led to the discovery of an evolving number of fluid biomarkers covering the main characteristics of neurodegenerative diseases such as neurodegeneration, protein aggregates and inflammation. The ability to quantitate each aspect of the disease at a high definition enables a more precise stratification of the patients at inclusion in clinical trials, hence reducing the noise that may hamper the detection of therapeutical efficacy and allowing for smaller but likewise powered studies, which particularly improves the ability to start clinical trials for rare neurological diseases. Moreover, the use of fluid biomarkers has the potential to support a targeted therapeutical intervention, as it is now emerging for the treatment of amyloid-beta deposition in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Here we review the knowledge that evolved from the measurement of fluid biomarker proteins in neurodegenerative conditions.

Technological advances in developing experimentally controlled models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are prevalent in rodent models and these models have proven invaluable in characterizing temporal changes in brain and behavior after trauma. To date no long-term studies in non-human primates (NHPs) have been published using an experimentally controlled impact device to follow behavioral performance over time.

We have employed a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device to create a focal contusion to the hand area in primary motor cortex (M1) of three New World monkeys to characterize changes in reach and grasp function assessed for 3 months after the injury.

The CCI destroyed most of M1 hand representation reducing grey matter by 9.6mm

, 12.9mm

, and 15.5mm

and underlying corona radiata by 7.4mm

, 6.9mm

, and 5.6mm

respectively. Impaired motor function was confined to the hand contralateral to the injury. Gross hand-use was only mildly affected during the first few days of observation after injury while activity requiring skilled use of the hand was impaired over three months.

This study is unique in establishing a CCI model of TBI in an NHP resulting in persistent impairments in motor function evident in volitional use of the hand.

Establishing an NHP model of TBI is essential to extend current rodent models to the complex neural architecture of the primate brain. Moving forward this model can be used to investigate novel therapeutic interventions to improve or restore impaired motor function after trauma.

Establishing an NHP model of TBI is essential to extend current rodent models to the complex neural architecture of the primate brain. CSF-1R inhibitor Moving forward this model can be used to investigate novel therapeutic interventions to improve or restore impaired motor function after trauma.