Dempseykim0795
However, most available studies are limited by cross-sectional design, small number of study subjects and short-term follow-ups. Robust interventional studies are necessary to test the impact of dietary patterns in people with FH.
Despite the strong impact of genetic variants, dietary patterns mostly low in SFA and especially the Mediterranean diet may influence risk biomarkers in FH. However, most available studies are limited by cross-sectional design, small number of study subjects and short-term follow-ups. Robust interventional studies are necessary to test the impact of dietary patterns in people with FH.
To highlight recent developments in studying mechanisms by which the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele affects the metabolism of brain lipids and predisposes the brain to inflammation and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia.
APOE4 activates Ca2+ dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) leading to changes in arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid signaling cascades in the brain. Among these changes, the increased conversion of AA to eicosanoids associates with sustained and unresolved chronic brain inflammation. The effects of APOE4 on the brain differ by age, disease stage, nutritional status and can be uncovered by brain imaging studies of brain fatty acid uptake. Reducing cPLA2 expression in the dementia brain presents a viable strategy that awaits to be tested.
Fatty acid brain imaging techniques can clarify how changes to brain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism during the various phases of AD and guide the development of small molecules to mitigate brain inflammation.
Fatty acid brain imaging techniques can clarify how changes to brain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism during the various phases of AD and guide the development of small molecules to mitigate brain inflammation.
Previous studies have examined and identified demographic group score differences on United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step examinations. It is necessary to explore potential etiologies of such differences to ensure fairness of examination use. Although score differences are largely explained by preceding academic variables, one potential concern is that item-level bias may be associated with remaining group score differences. The purpose of this 2019-2020 study was to statistically identify and qualitatively review USMLE Step 1 exam questions (items) using differential item functioning (DIF) methodology.
Logistic regression DIF was used to identify and classify the effect size of DIF on Step 1 items meeting minimum sample size criteria. After using DIF to flag items statistically, subject matter expert (SME) review was used to identify potential reasons why items may have performed differently between racial or gender groups, including characteristics such as content, format, wording, ce hypothesis that group-level performance differences beyond those explained by prior academic performance variables are driven by item-level bias. Health professions examination programs have an obligation to assess for group differences, and when present, investigate to what extent, if any, measurement bias plays a role.The concept of implicit bias has arguably laid the groundwork for uncomfortable discussions surrounding race in academic medicine, but its effectiveness in changing racist behavior and systems remains unclear. Terms like implicit bias, while perhaps more palatable than other concepts to some, may result in confusion and divert time from meaningful reconceptualization and creation of effective antiracism initiatives. This commentary contends that the term implicit bias is inadequate for addressing racism because it is too broad; does not necessarily lead to a change in racist behaviors; assumes that racism is unconscious, aggressor-centered, and individual-focused; and implies that everyone suffers equally in a racist system. The authors illustrate why terms like implicit bias are inadequate in combatting racism in medicine and suggest alternate terminology to use while engaging in antiracism work in academic medicine.
Research has shown that barriers to career success in academic medicine disproportionately affect women. These barriers include inadequate mentoring, which may perpetuate the underrepresentation of women in senior leadership positions. The purpose of this review was to summarize the qualitative and quantitative evidence of the impact of mentoring on women's career outcomes and to inform future interventions to support the promotion and retention of women in academic medicine.
The authors conducted a systematic review of original research published in English-language, peer-reviewed journals through March 20, 2020. Search terms related to mentorship, women, and academic medicine. The authors searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Current Contents Connect via Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO. They excluded studies not specifically addressing women and those without gender-stratified outcomes. They extracted and analyzed the following data study design, population, sample size, response rate, partic facilitate identification of appropriate mentors and promotion of a more equitable academic career environment for women.
This review examined gender disparities in mentoring and the impact on research productivity, promotion success, and career satisfaction for women in academic medicine. Institution-supported mentoring programs are needed to facilitate identification of appropriate mentors and promotion of a more equitable academic career environment for women.
Current guidelines does not include current or former smokers who do not have spirometric airflow limitation in their diagnostic or therapeutic algorithms for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this review is to outline the burden of respiratory morbidity in this population and to discuss the potential utility of their classification as pre-COPD.
It is increasingly clear that patients with a history of exposure to cigarette smoke or other environmental pollutants may have substantial lung pathology and respiratory impairment even in the absence of airflow limitation, as detected by spirometry. Not all of these patients will develop airflow limitation, but many will have considerable respiratory morbidity and a comparable prognosis to those with classical, spirometrically defined COPD. The use of the term pre-COPD may allow for the identification of these individuals in order to target preventive and earlier therapeutic strategies.
Spirometry is not adequately sensitive to identify many current and former smokers and other exposed populations with significant lung pathology and respiratory symptoms. Though the pathologic processes present in these patients differ, the earlier identification of this pre-COPD population may foster the development of more effective and disease-modifying treatments.
Spirometry is not adequately sensitive to identify many current and former smokers and other exposed populations with significant lung pathology and respiratory symptoms. Though the pathologic processes present in these patients differ, the earlier identification of this pre-COPD population may foster the development of more effective and disease-modifying treatments.
To review recent data on the microbiome of the lungs and how it changes with the evolution of COPD. To explore initial data with respect to COPD and the gut-lung axis. Bemnifosbuvir manufacturer An expanded understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD may lead to new therapeutic targets.
Intermittent pulmonary seeding is essential to health. The lung inflammation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) appears to change the lung milieu such that there is a shift in the microbiome of the lung as COPD progresses. Current data contain internal contradictions, but viewed in to suggest that the lung microbiome participates in the ongoing process of inflammation and destruction (in contrast to the role of the 'healthy lung' microbiome). Gut and lung 'communicate' and share some functions. COPD is associated with increased intestinal permeability (a dysfunction associated with inflammation). COPD has an impact upon the gastrointestinal microbiome. The gastrointestinal tract may, thus play a role in the progression of COPD.
Lung injury/inflammation alters the milieu of the lung and favors an evolving microbiome, which reflects and probably participates in the processes of inflammation and injury. There is some evidence that the gastrointestinal tract participates in that inflammatory process.
Lung injury/inflammation alters the milieu of the lung and favors an evolving microbiome, which reflects and probably participates in the processes of inflammation and injury. There is some evidence that the gastrointestinal tract participates in that inflammatory process.
People with HIV (PWH) experience increased systemic inflammation and monocyte activation, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events (death, stroke, and myocardial infarction) and higher coronary artery calcium scores (CACs). Vitamins D and K2 have significant anti-inflammatory effects; in addition, vitamin K2 is involved in preventing vascular calcifications in the general population. The roles of Vitamins D and K in increased coronary calcifications in successfully treated PWH is less understood.
We prospectively recruited 237 PWH on antiretroviral (ART) treatment and 67 healthy controls. CACs were derived from non-contrast chest CT and levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D) and inactive vitamin K dependent dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-uc MGP, marker of vitamin K deficiency) were measured in plasma during a fasting state. The relationship between inflammation markers, dp-uc MGP, and vitamin D on CACs were estimated using zero-inflated negative binomial regressiocification in PWH. Further research should determine whether vitamin K supplementation would reduce systemic inflammation, vascular calcification and risk of CV events in PWH.
Vitamin K deficiency is a modifiable preventive factor against coronary calcification in PWH. Further research should determine whether vitamin K supplementation would reduce systemic inflammation, vascular calcification and risk of CV events in PWH.
Advances in computer technology and growing expectations from computer-aided systems have led to the evolution of artificial intelligence into subsets, such as deep learning and radiomics, and the use of these systems is revolutionizing modern radiological diagnosis. In this review, artificial intelligence applications developed with radiomics and deep learning methods in the differential diagnosis of parotid gland tumors (PGTs) will be overviewed.
The development of artificial intelligence models has opened new scenarios owing to the possibility of assessing features of medical images that usually are not evaluated by physicians. Radiomics and deep learning models come to the forefront in computer-aided diagnosis of medical images, even though their applications in the differential diagnosis of PGTs have been limited because of the scarcity of data sets related to these rare neoplasms. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that artificial intelligence tools can classify common PGTs with reasonable accuracy.
