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In summary, evidence supports that biofortified crops can be part of food systems interventions to reduce micronutrient deficiencies in farmer households; ongoing and future research will help fully inform their potential along the other three Impact Pathways for scaling up.Ketogenic diets, which are carbohydrate-restricted high-fat diets, may have therapeutic effects on various diseases, including cancer. However, ketogenic diets are often not standardized and, therefore, results are difficult to interpret. We previously investigated the usefulness of ketogenic diets in cancer therapy, where ketogenic formulas (KF) were used as supplements to enhance blood ketone bodies; however, the amount of KF was determined empirically with reference to blood ketone bodies levels. Here, to determine a standardized optimal amount of KF, we investigated temporal changes in blood ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid (AcAc), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)) and safety in 20 healthy individuals when KF was taken repeatedly under the conditions of a ketogenic diet (UMIN000034216). The diurnal variation in total ketone bodies, and AcAc and BHB levels significantly increased after lunch and after dinner, on the 4th day of KF administration. There were no significant safety issues related to KF in the context of anthropometric, metabolic, nutritional, urological and gastrointestinal parameters. In addition, ketogenic diets lead to changes in gut microbiota. KF showed a decrease in phylum Firmicutes. Our study provides baseline data of the usefulness of KF in a ketogenic diet.Adequate nutrition is an essential component of healthy ageing. This study documents the quality of diets among older Americans and implications of healthy eating for their physical and mental health. Using a nationally representative longitudinal sample of adults aged ≥50 years, from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 2010-2016 and food intake data from the 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Study (HCNS), the study evaluates the onset of health problems along the spectrum of diet quality measured by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015. Older adults adhering to healthier diets, in the high HEI group, have a significantly lower risk of developing limitations in activities of daily living (15.2% vs. 19.6%, p < 0.01) and depression (11.8% vs. 14.9%, p < 0.01), as compared to participants with low HEI scores. Consuming healthier diets also predicts more favorable health outcomes, as measured by blood-based biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (3.3 vs. 3.8, p < 0.05), cystatin C (1.1 vs. 1.2, p < 0.1), total cholesterol (192.1 vs. 196.4, p < 0.1), and high-density lipoprotein (57.2 vs. 53.8, p < 0.01). Most older Americans can benefit from improving diet to reduce their risk of disability, chronic disease, and depression.Although the benefits of the consumption of green tea and its components, including catechins and theanine, regarding aging, memory impairment and age-related cognitive decline have been investigated in senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8), studies that simultaneously measured the kinds of proteins that vary in their expression due to the administration of green tea and its extracts were not found. In this study, the effect of dietary and decaffeinated matcha on protein expression in the hippocampus of SAMP 8 was examined comprehensively, mainly using proteomics. Although improvements in memory and the hair appearance of the back coat were limited upon administering the samples, the following regulations were observed in some of the proteins involved in neuron degeneration, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, synapse transmission and nerve cell plasticity, antioxidation, glutamate transport and metabolism, GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) formation and transport and excitatory amino acid transporters protei. Furthermore, these proteins could be used as markers for the evaluation of food and its available components for reducing aging and cognitive impairment.Malnutrition and sarcopenia commonly overlap and contribute to adverse health outcomes. Previously, chronic supplementation with two oral nutritional supplements (ONS), control (CONS) and experimental ONS enriched with protein, vitamin D and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) (EONS), improved muscle strength and quality in malnourished sarcopenic older adults, with EONS demonstrating early strength benefits at 12 weeks. To understand the underlying biological mechanisms contributing to the observed early strength benefits of EONS, we examined serum biomarker changes in response to 12-week supplementation. Serum samples (EONS (n = 90) and CONS (n = 103)) collected at baseline and 12 weeks were analyzed. Biomarkers (n = 243) were measured using multiplexed immunoassay, commercial immunoassays and ELISAs. Sixty markers were excluded with levels below assay detection limits. Sixteen biomarkers significantly changed in response to both interventions including nutritional and metabolic markers. Thirteen biomarkers significantly changed in response to EONS but not CONS. Increases in immunoglobulins, myoglobin, total protein, vitamin E and magnesium were observed with EONS. Inflammation-related ferritin and osteopontin decreased, while soluble receptors for cytokines increased, suggesting decreased inflammation. Sex hormone-binding globulin associated with sarcopenia also decreased with EONS. Biomarkers reflective of multiple biological systems were impacted by nutritional intervention in sarcopenic older adults. Incremental biomarker changes were observed in response to EONS containing HMB that possibly link to improvements in skeletal muscle health.Background Based on our recently reported associations between specific dietary behaviors and the risk of COVID-19 infection in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort, we further investigate whether these associations are specific to COVID-19 or extend to other respiratory infections. Methods Pneumonia and influenza diagnoses were retrieved from hospital and death record data linked to the UKB. Baseline, self-reported (2006-2010) dietary behaviors included being breastfed as a baby and intakes of coffee, tea, oily fish, processed meat, red meat (unprocessed), fruit, and vegetables. Logistic regression estimated the odds of pneumonia/influenza from baseline to 31 December 2019 with each dietary component, adjusting for baseline socio-demographic factors, medical history, and other lifestyle behaviors. We considered effect modification by sex and genetic factors related to pneumonia, COVID-19, and caffeine metabolism. Results Of 470,853 UKB participants, 4.0% had pneumonia and 0.2% had influenza during follow up. Increasecident pneumonia/influenza and red meat was adversely associated. Findings for coffee parallel those we reported previously for COVID-19 infection, while other findings are specific to these more common respiratory infections.Little is known about the relationship between diet and depression through the gut microbiota among breast cancer patients. This study aimed to examine the dietary intake differences between depressed breast cancer (DBC) and non-depressed breast cancer (NBC) patients, and whether the differences could lead to gut microbiota changes that affect depressive symptoms. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and 24 h dietary recall. Fecal samples of 18 DBC patients and 37 NBC patients were collected for next-generation sequencing. A total of 60 out of 205 breast cancer patients reported significant depressive symptoms suggested by a CES-D score ≥ 16, which might be related to lower intakes of energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B2, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, selenium, manganese and tryptophan, and a poor diet quality indicated by a lower total Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) score. Additionally, NBC patients demonstrated greater gut microbiota diversity and a healthier composition, in which the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella were both lower than in the DBC patients (p < 0.05). Alpha diversity was a significant mediator between diet quality and depression, while calcium, phosphorus and selenium significantly regulated depression independent of the gut microbiota. Breast cancer-related depressive symptoms might be associated with a poor diet quality via gut microbiota-dependent pathways and lower micronutrient intake via microbiota-independent pathways.

We aimed to gain insights in a co-culture of 10 bacteria and their postbiotic supernatant.

Abundances and gene expression were monitored by shotgun analysis. The supernatant was characterized by liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Supernatant was harvested after 48 h (S48) and 196 h (S196). Susceptibility testing included nine bacteria and

. Bagg albino (BALBc) mice were fed with supernatant or culture medium. Fecal samples were obtained for 16S analysis.

A time-dependent decrease of the relative abundances and gene expression of

,

,

and

and an increase of

were observed. Substances in LC-MS were predominantly allocated to groups amino acids/peptides/metabolites and nucleotides/metabolites, relating to gene expression. Fumaric, panthotenic, 9,3-methyl-2-oxovaleric, malic and aspartic acid, cytidine monophosphate, orotidine, phosphoserine, creatine, tryptophan correlated to culture time. Lapatinib Supernatant had no effect against anaerobic bacteria. S48 was reactive against

,

,

,

and

. S196 against

and

. In vivo S48/S196 had no effect on alpha/beta diversity. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) and analysis of composition of microbiomes (ANCOM) revealed an increase of

and

.

The postbiotic supernatant had positive antibacterial and antifungal effects in vitro and promoted the growth of distinct bacteria in vivo.

The postbiotic supernatant had positive antibacterial and antifungal effects in vitro and promoted the growth of distinct bacteria in vivo.Carotenoids have been the object of numerous observational, pre-clinical and interventional studies focused on elucidating their potential impacts on human health. However, the large heterogeneity among the trials, in terms of study duration and characteristics of participants, makes any conclusion difficult to draw. The present study aimed to explore the current carotenoid research trends by analyzing the characteristics of the registered clinical trials. A total of 193 registered trials on ClinicalTrials.gov and ISRCTN were included in the revision. Eighty-three studies were performed with foods, one-hundred-five with food supplements, and five with both. Among the foods tested, tomatoes and tomato-based foods, and eggs were the most studied. Lutein, lycopene, and astaxanthin were the most carotenoids investigated. Regarding the goals, 52 trials were focused on studying carotenoids' bioavailability, and 140 studies investigated the effects of carotenoids on human health. The main topics included eye and cardiovascular health. Recently, the research has focused also on two new topics cognitive function and carotenoid-gut microbiota interactions. However, the current research on carotenoids is still mostly focused on the bioavailability and metabolism of carotenoids from foods and food supplements. Within this context, the impacts/contributions of food technologies and the development of new carotenoid formulations are discussed. In addition, the research is still corroborating the previous findings on vision and cardiovascular health. Much attention has also been devoted to new research areas, such as the carotenoid-microbiota interactions, which could contribute to explaining the metabolism and the health effects of carotenoids; and the relation between carotenoids and cognitive function. However, for these topics the research is still only beginning, and further studies are need.