Degncastillo1463

Overall, our results highlight the functional role of STP in regulating the inducing and propagation of transient synchronous activity, and they may inspire testable hypotheses for future experimental studies.Epilepsy involves a diverse group of abnormalities, including molecular and cellular disorders. These abnormalities prove to be associated with the changes in local excitability and synaptic dynamics. Correspondingly, the epileptic processes including onset, propagation and generalized seizure may be related with the alterations of excitability and synapse. In this paper, three regions, epileptogenic zone (EZ), propagation area and normal region, were defined and represented by neuronal population model with heterogeneous excitability, respectively. In order to describe the synaptic behavior that the strength was enhanced and maintained at a high level for a short term under a high frequency spike train, a novel activity-dependent short-term plasticity model was proposed. Bifurcation analysis showed that the presence of hyperexcitability could increase the seizure susceptibility of local area, leading to epileptic discharges first seen in the EZ. Meanwhile, recurrent epileptic activities might result in the transition of synaptic strength from weak state to high level, augmenting synaptic depolarizations in non-epileptic neurons as the experimental findings. selleckchem Numerical simulation based on a full-connected weighted network could qualitatively demonstrate the epileptic process that the propagation area and normal region were successively recruited by the EZ. Furthermore, cross recurrence plot was used to explore the synchronization between neuronal populations, and the global synchronization index was introduced to measure the global synchronization. Results suggested that the synchronization between the EZ and other region was significantly enhanced with the occurrence of seizure. Interestingly, the desynchronization phenomenon was also observed during seizure initiation and propagation as reported before. Therefore, heterogeneous excitability and short-term plasticity are believed to play an important role in the epileptic process. This study may provide novel insights into the mechanism of epileptogenesis.Exercise interventions have been considered to be an effective treatment for drug addiction. However, there is little dirct evidence that exercise affects brain activity in individuals afftected by drug addiction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different exercise programs on detoxification. Cognitive recovery with 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) recordings was obtained before and after three months of daily aerobic and anaerobic exercise. A total of 63 subjects with methamphetamine addiction were recruited and randomly divided into three groups for cognitive study in four behavioral states an anaerobic resistance treatment group, an aerobic cycling treatment group and a control group. In addition, four behavioral states were examined eyes-closed and eyes-open resting states, and exploratory behavior states following either drug- or neutral-cue exposure. Over a 12-week period,the alpha block ratio in the control group showed a slight decrease, while clear increases were observed in the resistance exercise and cycling treatment groups, particularly under the frontal and temporal regions in the eyes-open and drug-cue conditions. The major EEG activity frequency in the resistance treatment group during the drug-cue behavior task decreased compared with the frequencies of the cycling exercise and control groups. Meanwhile, the power of higher brain rhythms in the resistance treatment group was increased. Finally, the brain alpha wave left-lateralization index from EEG recording sites, F1-F2, in the resistance and cycling treatment groups under the eyes-closed condition positively decreased, while the control groups only showed slight decreases. Taken together, these results suggest that different types of exercise may induce distince and different positive therapeutic effects to facilitate detoxification.The basal ganglia have been increasingly recognized as an important structure involved in decision making. Neurons in the basal ganglia were found to reflect the evidence accumulation process during decision making. However, it is not well understood how the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia work together for decision making. Here, we create a recurrent neural network model that is composed of the direct and indirect pathways and test it with the classic random dot motion discrimination task. The direct pathway drives the outputs, which are modulated through a gating mechanism controlled by the indirect pathway. We train the network to learn the task and find that the network reproduces the accuracy and reaction time patterns of previous animal studies. Units in the model exhibit ramping activities that reflect evidence accumulation. Finally, we simulate manipulations of the direct and indirect pathways and find that the manipulations of the direct pathway mainly affect the choice while the manipulations of the indirect pathway affect the model's reaction time. These results suggest a potential circuitry mechanism of the basal ganglia's role in decision making with predictions that can be tested experimentally in the future.

Countless efforts to combat sexual harassment have been proposed, and for the first time in history, the second order of sexual harassment (SOSH) has been legislated under the term second-order violence (SOV) by a unanimous vote of the Catalan Parliament. Advances in preventing and responding to sexual harassment contribute to highlighting the intervention as being crucial to supporting survivors against retaliation. A lack of support provides a general explanation on why bystanders tend not to intervene and highlights the reality that reprisals are suffered by those who support victims.

From the existing knowledge about sexual harassment prevention and response mechanisms, this paper analyzes scientific evidence through a review of theliterature published in databases, as well as legislation, reports, and other materials.

The context that enables SOV legislation is grounded in three realms (1) bystander intervention and protection, (2) the role of support networks in protecting survivors, and (3) awareness and legislation of SOSH.