Damsgaardrice9020

In this study, we focused on the neuro-behavioral profile, toxicity, and possible mechanisms of action of Dorema ammoniacum gum essential oil (DAG-EO). For this purpose, passive avoidance and Y-maze tests were performed to evaluate the potential effect of DAG-EO in the attenuation of memory impairment induced by 49 days administration of D-galactose and acute injection of scopolamine. Anticonvulsant and anti-nociceptive activities of DAG-EO were evaluated in the pentylenetetrazole and ‎maximal electroshock-induced models of seizure and acetic acid-induced writhing tests, respectively. To find the possible mechanism of action, flumazenil and naloxone were used. Furthermore, the possible side effects were determined in the open field, grip strength, and ‎rotarod tests. Our findings supported that 7-day administration of DAG-EO (50 and 100 mg/kg) improves memory impairment induced following administration of D-galactose and scopolamine. It was also revealed that DAG-EO possesses a dose-dependent sedative-hypnotic (100 mg/kg), anticonvulsant (ED50 ≈ 170 mg/kg), and anti-nociceptive (ED50 ≈ 175 mg/kg) activities possibly mediated via directly and/or indirectly modulation of GABAA and opioid receptors. No side effect was observed except muscle relaxation which was less than that of diazepam. The output of this study confirms anti-seizure, anti-nociceptive, sedative-hypnotic, and memory-enhancing properties of DAG-EO by modulation of GABAA receptors.Three rapid spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of sunitinib based on the formation of ion-pair complex in acidic medium with bromocresol purple, bromothymol blue, and bromophenol blue. The formed ion-pair complexes, extractable with chloroform, were measured at 422 nm for bromocresol purple, 425 nm for bromothymol blue and 427 nm for bromophenol blue. All these methods were optimized for the pH of buffer and the volume of the reagent. The methods were linear over the range of 1-200 µg/mL for bromocresol purple, 1-150 µg/mL for bromothymol blue, and 2-200 µg/mL for bromophenol blue with a very low limit of quantification and acceptable accuracy and precision. Using the proposed methods for determination of sunitinib in pharmaceutical dosage forms showed reliable results comparable to previously published method.Current palliative pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease based on the cholinergic hypothesis led to the development of four cholinesterase inhibitors. These compounds can bring prolongation of the symptom-free period in some patients. This is the first report directly comparing donepezil and rivastigmine plasma and brain levels in in-vivo study. Donepezil and rivastigmine were applied i.m. to rats; the dose was calculated from clinical recommendations. The samples were analysed on an Agilent 1260 Series LC with UV/VIS detector. An analytical column (Waters Spherisorb S5 W (250 mm × 4.6 i.d.; 5 μm particle size)) with guard column (Waters Spherisorb S5 W (30 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.)) was used. The mobile phase contained acetonitrile and 50 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate (1783; v/v); pH 3.1. The LLOQ in rat plasma was 0.5 ng/mL for donepezil and 0.8 ng/mL for rivastigmine, and the LLOQ in rat brain was 1.0 ng/mL for donepezil and 1.1 ng/mL for rivastigmine. Both compounds showed ability to target the central nervous system, with brain concentrations exceeding those in plasma. Maximum brain concentration after i.m. administration was reached in the 36 (8.34 ± 0.34 ng/mL) and 17 minute (6.18 ± 0.40 ng/mL), respectively for donepezil and rivastigmine. The differences in brain profile can be most easily expressed by plasma/brain AUCtotal ratios donepezil ratio in the brain was nine-times higher than in plasma and rivastigmine ratio was less than two-times higher than in plasma.Vitamin D deficiency is considered as one of the most prevalent healthcare problems in the world. Vitamin D contributes to insulin synthesis and secretion. Deficiency of vitamin D leads to insulin resistance which is the major cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We aim to evaluate the effect of treating vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency on serum adiponectin, leptin, and leptin to adiponectin ratio (LAR) of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Forty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included according to the inclusion criteria of the study. Fasting venous blood samples were obtained and evaluated before and after the treatment of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. Then, blood levels of leptin, adiponectin, and LAR (an indicator of insulin resistance) were measured. RBN013209 mouse The results of study indicate a significant decline in circulating leptin and adiponectin after vitamin D treatment, but it doesn't cause a noteworthy change in LAR. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that female gender, higher body mass index, and triglyceride levels increase LAR significantly. It was concluded that the treatment of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency doesn't change insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Moreover, we concluded that LAR is not a reliable method to compare insulin resistance between men and women due to sex-related differences in adipose tissue.The requirement of varying doses of warfarin for different individuals can be explained by environmental and genetic factors. We evaluated the frequency of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) and cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) variants together with patientdemographic characteristics and investigated their association with warfarin dose requirement with the objective to suggest a warfarin dosing algorithm. In this study, 185 patients with heart valve replacement from West Azerbaijan, Iran were genotyped for VKORC1 (-1639 G>A) and CYP2C9 (*2 and *3 alleles) by PCR-RFLP. Multiple linear regression was performed to create a new warfarin dosing algorithm. The frequency of variants in studied subjects was 12% for CYP2C9 *2, 25.8% for CYP2C9 *3, and 60% for -1639A. The patients who carried the A allele at position -1639 VKORC1 and the variants CYP2C9 *2 and *3 required a significantly lower daily mean warfarin dosage (P = 0.001). Statistical analysis also indicated a significant relationship between the daily maintenance dose of warfarin with age and blood pressure among the studied patients' cohort (P less then 0.