Dallcontreras1504

Many dietary polyphenols have been investigated for their therapeutic potential either as single agents or in combinations. Despite the significant anticancer potential of these polyphenols in in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal models, their clinical applications have been limited because of challenges such as ineffective systemic delivery, stability and low bioavailability. Nanoencapsulation of these polyphenols could prolong circulation, improve localization, enhance efficacy and reduce the chances of multidrug resistance. This review summarized the use of various polyphenols especially epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, curcumin and resveratrol as nanoformulations for cancer prevention and treatment. Despite some success, more research is warranted to design a nanoencapsulated combination of polyphenols, effective in in vitro, in vivo and human systems.Aims We investigated whether miRNA (miR) 146a-5p-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) can attenuate neuropathic pain behaviors in the rat spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain model by inhibiting activation of the NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways in spinal microglia. Materials & methods After NP preparation, miR NPs were assessed for their physical characteristics and then injected intrathecally into the spinal cords of rat spinal nerve ligation rats to test their analgesic effects. Results miR NPs reduced pain behaviors for 11 days by negatively regulating the inflammatory response in spinal microglia. Conclusion The anti-inflammatory effects of miR 146a-5p along with nanoparticle-based materials make miR NPs promising tools for treating neuropathic pain.Four of the five types of mammalian mechanosensors are composed of nerve endings and accessory cells. In C. elegans we showed that glia supports the function of nose touch neurons via the activity of glial Na+ and K+channels. We show here that a third regulator of Na+ and K+, the Na+/K+-ATPase, is needed in glia of nose touch neurons for touch. Importantly, we show that the two Na+/K+-ATPase genes are needed for the function rather than structural integrity and that their ion transport activity is crucial for touch. Finally, when glial Na+/K+-ATPase genes are knocked-out, touch can be restored by activation of a third Na+/K+-ATPase. Taken together, these data show the requirement in glia of touch neurons of the function of the Na+/K+-ATPase. These data underscore the importance of the homeostasis of Na+ and K+, most likely in the space surrounding touch neurons, in touch sensation, a function that might be conserved across species.Understanding of cortical encoding of itch is limited. Injection of pruritogens and algogens into the skin of the cheek produces distinct behaviors, making the rodent cheek a useful model for understanding mechanisms of itch and pain. We examined responses of neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex by applying of mechanical stimuli (brush, pressure, and pinch) and stimulations by intradermal injections of pruritic and algesic chemical of receptive fields located on the skin of the cheek in urethane-anesthetized rats. Stimuli included chloroquine, serotonin, beta-alanine, histamine, capsaicin, and mustard oil. All 33 neurons studied were excited by noxious mechanical stimuli applied to the cheek. Based on mechanical stimulation most neurons were functionally classified as high threshold. Of 31 neurons tested for response to chemical stimuli, 84% were activated by one or more pruritogens/partial pruritogens. check details No cells were activated by all five substances. Histamine activated the greatest percentage of neurons and evoked the greatest mean discharge. Importantly, no cells were excited exclusively by pruritogens or partial pruritogens. The recording sites of all neurons that responded to chemical stimuli applied to the cheek were located in the dysgranular zone (DZ) and in deep laminae of the medial border of the vibrissal barrel fields (VBF). Therefore, neurons in the DZ/VBF of rats encode mechanical and chemical pruritogens and algogens. This cortical region appears to contain primarily nociceptive neurons as defined by responses to noxious pinching of the skin. Its role in encoding itch and pain from the cheek of the face needs further study.Memory is often better for information that is self-generated versus read (i.e. the generation effect). Theoretical work attributes the generation effect to two mechanisms enhanced item-specific and relational processing (i.e. the two-factor theory). Recent work has demonstrated that the generation effect increases when generation tasks place lower, relative to higher, constraints on what participants can self-generate. This study examined whether the effects of generation constraint on memory might be attributable to either mechanism of the two-factor theory. Across three experiments, participants encoded word pairs in two generation conditions (lower- and higher-constraint) and a read control task, followed by a memory test for item memory and two context memory details (source and font color). The results of these experiments support the idea that lower-constraint generation increases the generation effect via enhanced relational processing, as measured through both recognition and cued recall tasks. Results further showed that lower-constraint generation improves context memory for conceptual context (source), but not perceptual context (color), suggesting that this enhanced relational processing may extend to conceptually related details of an item. Overall, these results provide more evidence that fewer generation constraints increase the generation effect and implicate enhanced relational processing as a mechanism for this improvement.Although self-relevance is widely acknowledged to enhance stimulus processing, the exclusivity of this effect remains open to question. In particular, in commonly adopted experimental paradigms, the prioritisation of self-relevant (vs. other-relevant) material may reflect the operation of a task-specific strategy rather than an obligatory facet of social-cognitive functioning. By changing basic aspects of the decisional context, it may therefore be possible to generate stimulus-prioritisation effects for targets other than the self. Based on the demonstration that ownership facilitates object categorisation (i.e., self-ownership effect), here we showed that stimulus prioritisation is sensitive to prior expectations about the prevalence of forthcoming objects (owned-by-self vs. owned-by-friend) and whether these beliefs are supported during the task. Under conditions of stimulus uncertainty (i.e., no prior beliefs), replicating previous research, objects were classified more rapidly when owned-by-self compared with owned-by-friend (Experiment 1).