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2% and +1.0% of satisfactory answers, P = 0.022; +21.3 and +1.9 milliseconds of reaction time, P = 0.025). Alzheimer disease drugs also tended to reverse this deterioration the accuracy of the N-back task was more stable through SD (compared with -3.0% in the placebo group, respectively, in the memantine group and in the donepezil group -1.4% and -1.6%, P = 0.027 and P = 0.092) and RVP reaction time was less impacted (compared with +41.3 milliseconds in the placebo group, respectively, in the memantine group and in the donepezil group +16.1 and +29.3 milliseconds, P = 0.034 and P = 0.459). IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS Our SD challenge model actually led to a worsening of WM that was moderated by both modafinil and AD drugs. To use this approach, the cognitive battery, the vulnerability of the subjects to SD, and the expected drug effect should be carefully considered.OBJECTIVE To determine the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) performance during the attacks of Menière's disease (MD) using video head-impulse tests (video-HITs) according to each ictal phase. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series review. METHODS We analyzed the results of video-HITs in 24 patients with unilateral definite MD during and between the attacks. RESULTS The head impulse gain of the VOR was usually normal (81%, 39 of the 48 semicircular canals [SCCs] in 16 patients) in the affected ear during the irritative or recovery phase, and did not differ from that for each SCC between the attacks (horizontal [HCs], p = 0.412; anterior [ACs], p = 0.920; posterior canals [PCs], p = 0.477). During the paretic phase, however, the head impulse gains of the VOR were equally normal (22/42, 52%) or decreased (20/42, 48%) for the affected ear (42 SCCs in 14 patients). The gains for the HCs were lower during the paretic phase than those between the attacks in the affected ear, while those for the ACs and PCs did not differ (HCs, p = 0.001; ACs, p = 0.158, PCs, p = 0.401). Covert saccades were more frequently observed even in the presence of normal VOR gains during the paretic phase as well. CONCLUSION During the attacks of MD, HITs are usually normal during the irritative/recovery phases, but become positive in more than a half of the patients during the paretic phase. This evolution in the ictal findings of HITs may reflect characteristic ictal vestibular discharges in MD and should be considered in evaluating patients with MD according to each ictal phase during the attacks.OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of hearing loss (HL) as well as differences in wages and labor force participation rates between individuals with and without HL. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective ecological study. Brusatol cell line PATIENTS 1% of the US population including individuals with and without HL from the public use micro data sample (PUMS) of the 2011 to 2016 American Community Survey (ACS) was analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE ACS census data on individual age, self-reported hearing loss, labor force participation, and monetary earnings between 2011 and 2016. RESULTS HL incidence rates were 13.4, 0.4, 3.8, 18.1, and 117.1 per 10,000 people among 0 to 2, 3 to 17, 18 to 44, 45 to 64, and 65+ years old, respectively. HL 18 to 44, 45 to 64, and 65+ years old participated in the labor force at 86, 81, and 61% of the rate of hearing individuals. HL 18 to 44, 45 to 64, and 65+ years old earned 78, 73, and 72% of the wages earned by non-HL individuals. CONCLUSIONS Calculated HL incidence and labor force participation rates were higher than previously published in literature analyzing 1991 census data. The changes may be due to the methodology used in this study but may also reflect improvements in diagnosis, access to technology, and the implementation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990.OBJECTIVE To mark the centenary of Adam Politzer's death by investigating and celebrating the legacy he left to otology. Politzer is arguably one of the greatest otologists of the last 200 years and his textbook on otological history is undoubtedly the seminal work on the subject. The aim of this paper is twofold. Not only do the authors hope to find out if he is still remembered by otolaryngologists, but also what has been the greatest legacy which he has bequeathed to them. METHODOLOGY Extensive review of available academic literature mentioning the name Politzer. RESULTS Politzer's celebrated tome, History of Otology was not only the first comprehensive book on the subject, but it has stood the test of time and still remains unsurpassed as the "Gold Standard" reference work. CONCLUSION The considered opinion of the authors (both otolaryngologists and academic historians) is that the name of Politzer certainly lives on and that this book is probably his most enduring legacy to posterity. It can justifiably be said that Adam Politzer was the first otologist to prove the concept that the past is the key of the present, which opens the future.OBJECTIVE To assess factors predicting vestibular neuritis (VN) prognosis at an early stage. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS Sixty-five patients with VN, between 2014 and 2018. INTERVENTIONS Bithermal caloric test, rotatory chair test, subjective visual horizontal and vertical, cervical visual myogenic evoked potential test, and visual head impulse test (vHIT). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hospitalization duration. RESULTS The mean hospitalization duration was 4.6 ± 1.4 days. Mean caloric weakness was 65.5 ± 20.6%. For the vHIT, gain in both anterior and horizontal semicircular canal (SCC) was statistically significantly different between the lesion and intact sides (p  less then  0.001). Backward conditional regression analysis revealed that a higher degree of spontaneous nystagmus (SN) (EXP[B] = 1.104, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.012-1.204, p = 0.026), and a lower caloric paresis (CP) value (EXP(B) = 1.033, 95% CI = 1.000-1.075, p = 0.047) were associated with 5 days or more of hospitalization. The cut-off value of SN was 12.05 degrees/s for increased hospital stay. Four weeks after discharge from hospital, five patients (8.9%) had persistent SN, and 19 (33.9%) and 28 (50.0%) had a positive HIT and nystagmus during head-shaking, respectively. Patients with persistent nystagmus at 1 month had more severe initial SN (p  less then  0.05). CONCLUSION Only the degree of SN at the initial evaluation affected both the hospitalization period and the bed-side examination results at 1 month after discharge in patients with VN.