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Immunohistochemistry studies have also demonstrated the improved neuronal differentiation of BM-MSCs. BM-MSCs grown on electro-conductive collagen cryogels under inflammatory microenvironment in vitro showed high indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase activity. Moreover, macrophages cells grown on graphene collagen cryogels have shown high CD206 (M2 polarization marker) and CD163 (M2 polarization marker) and low CD86 (M1 polarization marker) gene expression demonstrating M2 polarization of macrophages, which may aid in tissue repair. read more In an organotypic culture, the developed cryogel conduit has supported cellular growth and migration from adult rat spinal cord. Thus, this novel electro-conductive graphene collagen cryogels have potential for suppressing the neuro-inflammation and promoting the neuronal cellular migration and proliferation, which is a major barrier during the spinal cord regeneration.The fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique was applied for the first time to fabricate novel 3D printed silicate bioactive and antibacterial Ag-doped glass-ceramic (Ag-BG) scaffolds. A novel filament consisting primarily of polyolefin and Ag-BG micro-sized particles was developed and its thermal properties characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to define the optimum heat treatment with minimal macrostructural deformation during thermal debinding and sintering. Structural characteristics of the Ag-BG scaffolds were evaluated from macro- to nanoscale using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The compressive strength of the Ag-BG scaffolds was found to be in the range of cancellous bone. Bioactivity of the 3D printed Ag-BG scaffolds was evaluated in vitro through immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) and correlated to the formation of an apatite-like phase. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inoculated with the Ag-BG scaffolds exhibited a significant decrease in viability underscoring a potent anti-MRSA effect. This study demonstrates the potential of the FFF technique for the fabrication of bioactive 3D silicate scaffolds with promising characteristics for orthopedic applications.Anisotropic gold nanoparticles displaying plasmon band in the near infrared region can play a crucial role in cancer therapy particularly with techniques such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we report an efficient, sustainable, one pot protocol for the fabrication of an unusual gold anisotropic shape, which we have named as twisted gold nanorods. These particles, though having dimensions in the nanoscale regime comparable to those of gold nanorods, display a continuous flat plasmon band like that of 2-D gold nanowire networks, extended up to the NIR-III (SWIR) range. The proposed strategy is simple and does not require any seed mediation, heating or potential toxic templates or organic solvents. Our process is based on the slow reduction of gold salt in presence of two mild reducing agents viz. l-tyrosine (an amino acid) and trisodium citrate. We observed that when both molecules are present together in particular concentrations, they direct the growth in form of twisted gold nanorods. The mechanism of growth has been described by a Diffusion Limited Aggregation numerical scheme, where it was assumed that both l-tyrosine and the gold ions in solution undergo a stochastic Brownian motion. The predictions of the model matched with the experiments with a good accuracy, indicating that the initial hypothesis is correct. The final structure has been thoroughly characterized in terms of morphology, while SERS and cytotoxic activity have also been demonstrated.Acyclovir is an effective antiviral drug which suffers from limited water solubility and low bioavailability. However, it is possible to eliminate these limitations by forming inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins. In this study, we have reported the electrospinning of polymer-free and free-standing acyclovir/cyclodextrin nanofibers for the first time. This is a promising approach for developing a fast-dissolving delivery system of an antiviral drug molecule. Here, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-βCD) was used as both complexation agent and electrospinning matrix. The acyclovir/HP-βCD system was prepared by incorporating ~7% (w/w) of acyclovir into the highly concentrated aqueous solution of HP-βCD (180%, w/v). The control sample of acyclovir/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofiber were also generated using ethanol/water (3/1, v/v) solvent system and the same initial acyclovir (7%, w/w) content. Due to the inclusion complexation, acyclovir/HP-βCD nanofibers provided better encapsulation and so loading efficiency. The loading efficiency of acyclovir/HP-βCD nanofibers was determined as ~98%, while it was ~66% for acyclovir/PVP nanofibers. It was found that acyclovir/HP-βCD nanofibers contained some crystalline form of acyclovir. Even so, it showed faster dissolving/release and faster disintegration profiles compared to acyclovir/PVP nanofibers which had higher amount of crystalline acyclovir. The inclusion complexation property and high water solubility of HP-βCD (> 2000 mg/mL) ensured the fast-dissolving property of acyclovir/HP-βCD nanofibers. Briefly, acyclovir/HP-βCD nanofibers are quite promising alternative to the polymeric based system for the purpose of fast-dissolving oral drug delivery. The enhanced physicochemical properties of drug molecules and the use of water during whole process can make drug/cyclodextrin nanofibers a favorable dosage formulation for the desired treatments.Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are believed to be promising scaffold materials for dental and orthopedic implantation due to their ideal mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, the host immune response always causes implant failures in the clinic. Surface modification of the Ti scaffold is an important factor in this process and has been widely studied to regulate the host immune response and to further promote bone regeneration. In this study, a calcium-strontium-zinc-phosphate (CSZP) coating was fabricated on a Ti implant surface by phosphate chemical conversion (PCC) technique, which modified the surface topography and element constituents. Here, we envisioned an accurate immunomodulation strategy via delivery of interleukin (IL)-4 to promote CSZP-mediated bone regeneration. IL-4 (0 and 40 ng/mL) was used to regulate immune response of macrophages. The mechanical properties, biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated. The results showed that the CSZP coating exhibited a significant enhancement in surface roughness and hydrophilicity, but no obvious changes in proliferation or apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and macrophages.