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Hydrogen has become a research highlight by virtue of its clean energy production technology and high energy content. The technology of biohydrogen production from biological waste via fermentation has lower costs, provides environment-friendly methods regarding energy balance, and creates a pathway for sustainable utilization of massive agricultural waste. However, biohydrogen production is generally limited by lower productivity. Many studies have been conducted aimed at improving biohydrogen production efficiency. Hence, this review is intended to describe improving routes for biohydrogen production from agricultural waste and highlights recent advances in these approaches. In addition, the critical factors affecting biohydrogen production, including the pretreatment method, substrate resource, fermentation conditions, and bioreactor design, were also comprehensively discussed along with challenges and future prospects.This study focused on the analysis of the pyrolytic behavior of four lignocellulosic biomasses avocado stone (AS), Agave salmiana bagasse (AB), cocoa shell (CS), and α-cellulose (CEL). According to the triplet kinetics analysis, the order of pyrolytic decomposition was AS less then AB less then CEL less then CS. selleck kinase inhibitor The AS was dominated by a second-order reaction, while AB followed a 2D diffusion-Valensi model. On the other hand, the pyrolysis of CS starts with an nth-order reaction and ends random nucleation model, and CEL was dominated by one-dimensional diffusion and first-order reaction. Thermodynamic studies reveal that the difference between the activation energy versus enthalpy change was less then 6.5 kJ/mol for all biomasses, thus showing the ease of pyrolysis reaction of these biomasses. Furthermore, the AS and AB showed that the reactions are close to thermodynamic equilibrium and stability, whereas CS and CEL indicated high reactivity.This study reviews the recent advances and innovations in the application of additives to improve biomethane and biohydrogen production. Biochar, nanostructured materials, novel biopolymers, zeolites, and clays are described in terms of chemical composition, properties and impact on anaerobic digestion, dark fermentation, and photofermentation. These additives can have both a simple physical effect of microbial adhesion and growth, and a more complex biochemical impact on the regulation of key parameters for CH4 and H2 production in this study, these effects in different experimental conditions are reviewed and described. The considered parameters include pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), CN ratio, and NH3; additionally, the global impact on the total production yield of biogas and bioH2 is reviewed. link2 A special focus is given to NH3, due to its strong inhibition effect towards methanogens, and its contribution to digestate quality, leaching, and emissions into the atmosphere.Pyrolysis of the middle layer of a surgical mask (MLM) and inner and outer layers of a surgical mask (IOM) was performed to assess their potential valorization as waste-to-energy feedstocks, and the characteristics of the resulting products were investigated. Pyrolysis of the main organics in waste surgical masks occurred at a very narrow temperature range of 456-466 °C. The main product was carbon-rich and oxygen-deficient liquid oil with a high heating value (HHV) of 43.5 MJ/kg. From the life-cycle perspective, environmental benefits and advantages of this upcycling approach were verified compared with conventional waste management approaches. This study advocated the potential application of waste surgical masks as feedstocks for fuels and energy, which is beneficial to mitigate plastic pollution and achieve sustainable plastic waste-to-energy upcycling, simultaneously.The effects of various cooling modes (sudden cooling (25℃→10℃) and step cooling (25℃→20℃→15℃→10℃)) on the performance of simultaneous sulfide and nitrite removal process were reported. Regardless of cooling mode adopted, the process maintained good sulfide removal performance, and removal percentage was 100.00%. Considering nitrite removal percentage, the process was more sensitive to step cooling mode (k = 0.06707) in comparison to sudden cooling mode (k = 0.02760). Lowering temperature promoted the transformation from sulfate to elemental sulfur, and it was easier to increase the proportion of elemental sulfur (79.90%) by means of step cooling. The sulfide oxidation rate and nitrite reduction rate were 0.01540 mg /(L∙min) and 0.00354 mg /(L∙min), respectively, in the sudden cooling mode, and 0.01168 mg /(L∙min) and 0.00138 mg /(L∙min), respectively, in the step cooling mode. Low temperature reduced the diversity of microbial community, and Sulfurovum was still a dominant bacterial member in both cooling modes.In this study, a community-scale in-situ rapid biological reduction (IRBR) system was applied to achieve the rapid disposal and resource recovery of food waste (FW). A total of 5263 kg FW was processed in the 35 days of stably operation, during which 84.37% total mass reduction and 43.30% volatile solid removal were achieved, and the odor had been effectively controlled. Microbial sequencing results showed that aerobic and facultative thermophilic bacteria were major bacterial community, and vigorous metabolism of both carbohydrate and amino acid were maintained during the IRBR process. The final products have the potential to be recycled as organic fertilizers or bio-solid fuel to realize resource recovery. The results of economic analysis showed that the IRBR system had lower FW disposal costs due to the high automation. These results suggested that the IRBR system was an environmentally friendly, economical and practical method for the FW rapid treatment.The potential impact of the trivalent coagulant cations on the removal mechanisms, removal efficiencies and removal patterns of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during anaerobic digestion (AD) of chemically enhanced primary treatment sludge (CEPTS) was investigated using polyaluminium chloride (PACl), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and mixed FeCl3-PACl. The removal efficiency of 23 ARGs and intI1 improved to 72.1% in AD of primary sludge with 100 mg/L FeCl3 and was lowest (only 54.4 %) in AD of primary sludge with 25 mg/L PACl. The removal of ARGs in AD of CEPTS with addition of single or mixed types of Al-based coagulant began to increase rapidly at the onset of batch operation. On the other hand, both the rapid increase in the removal efficiency of ARGs in AD with FeCl3 and the maximum removal efficiency were attained later than in the other ADs.Volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation caused by high ammonia concentrations is often encountered during the anaerobic digestion (AD) of ammonia-rich substrates. In this study, propionate-degrading methanogenic cultures were introduced to augment the semi-continuous AD of chicken manure under high ammonia levels. Introduction of a methanogenic culture enhanced the methane yield in the bioaugmented digester by 17-26% when the organic loading rate (OLR) was 2-4 g L-1d-1 compared to that in the control. When the OLR was further increased from 4.0 L-1d-1 to 5.0 g L-1d-1, and bioaugmentation ceased, methane yield improved by 15-18% under a high total ammonia nitrogen level of 5.0-8.4 g NH4+-N/L. Moreover, bioaugmentation reconstructed the methanogenic community in the digester, promoting the dominance of hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium and slightly increasing the abundance of aceticlastic Methanothrix and the syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacteria Syntrophobacter, which were the key contributors to the improved AD under high ammonia concentrations.A one-pot co-pyrolysis of potassium/calcium carbonate with biowaste-derived hydrochar strategy was proposed to prepare hierarchical porous biochars (HPBs) for the first time. The pore structure, especially the pore size distribution, could be designed by adjusting the mass ratios of different carbonates. HPBs were hydrophobic, nitrogen doped, graphitized, and contained surface functional groups. HPBs showed unexpected sorption quantity for diethyl phthalate (DEP) that reached 657 mg g-1, which much higher than that of the reported sorbents. The sorption was multilayered and had multiple action modes, and was limited by the chemical sorption and the sorption quantity was dominated by the physical sorption. Lewis acid-base interaction, π-π stacking interaction, hydrogen bonding interaction, partitioning and pore filling were the potential sorption mechanisms. This work proposed a simple, environmentally friendly and low-cost method to convert biowaste into advanced HPBs and confirmed that produced HPBs represent ideal sorbents for the removal of organic pollutants.Bispecific T-Cell Engagers (BiTEs) are effective at inducing remission in hematologic cancers, but their use in solid tumors has been challenging due to their extreme potency and on-target, off-tumor toxicities in healthy tissue. Their deployment against solid tumors is further complicated by insufficient drug penetration, a hostile tumor microenvironment, and immune escape. To address these challenges, we developed targeted nanocarriers that can deliver in vitro-transcribed mRNA encoding BiTEs to host myeloid cells - a cell type that is actively recruited into the tumor microenvironment. We demonstrate in an immunocompetent mouse model of ovarian cancer, that infusion of these nanoparticles directs BiTE expression to tumor sites, which reshapes the microenvironment from suppressive to permissive and triggers disease regression without systemic toxicity. In contrast, conventional injections of recombinant BiTE protein at doses required to achieve anti-tumor activity, induced systemic inflammatory responses and severe tissue damage in all treated animals. Implemented in the clinic, this in situ gene therapy could enable physicians - with a single therapeutic - to safely target tumor antigen that would otherwise not be druggable due to the risks of on-target toxicity and, at the same time, reset the tumor milieu to boost key mediators of antitumor immune responses.Metastasis is refractory systemic disease resulting in low survival rate of breast cancer patients, especially in the late stage. The processes of metastasis are mainly initiated by strong "attractive force" from distant organs and deteriorated by weak "adhesion force" in primary tumor. Here, we reported "attractive/adhesion force" dual-regulatory nanogels (CQ-HF/PTX) for the precise treatment of both primary and metastasis of metastatic breast cancer. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and hydrophobic Fmoc were grafted on hydrophilic hydroxyethyl starch (HES) to obtain amphiphilic CQ-HF polymer, which was assembly with chemotherapy drug paclitaxel (PTX) to form the nanogels for anti-primary tumor. link3 Meanwhile, CQ-HF/PTX nanogels play two roles in anti-metastasis i) For reducing the "attractive force", it could block the CXCR4/SDF-1 pathway, preventing tumor cells metastasis to the lung; ii) For reinforcing "adhesion force", it could inhibit the excessive autophagy for hindering the degradation of paxillin and enhancing the cell adhesion. As a result, dual-regulatory CQ-HF/PTX nanogels dramatically inhibited tumor and the lung metastasis of mouse breast cancer. Therefore, the fabricating of synergetic dual-regulatory nanogels uncovered the explicit mechanism and provided an efficient strategy for combating malignant metastatic tumors.