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Children with dyspraxia have difficulties with spatial awareness and force perception, confirming a somatosensory contribution to dyspraxia.

This article presents a framework and methods to measure proprioception in children. These methods will allow occupational therapy practitioners to quantify the proprioceptive deficits common in children with dyspraxia.

This article presents a framework and methods to measure proprioception in children. These methods will allow occupational therapy practitioners to quantify the proprioceptive deficits common in children with dyspraxia.

Autistic adults face decreased community participation for employment, education, and social activities plus barriers to driving and transportation. However, little is known about their experiences of moving around community environments.

To explore contextual issues and experiences of independent community mobility and driving for autistic adults and to determine the modes of community mobility, regions studied, and methodologies used.

Seven databases were searched from 2000 to 2019. All empirical research relating to autism, community mobility, and driving for people older than age 5 yr was mapped. Studies examining experiences of community mobility and driving were selected for scoping review.

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews methodology was used. Thirteen studies reporting specifically on autistic adults' experiences with public transportation, driving, and pedestrian navigation of community environments were included. These studies wtion, anxiety, social skills, communication, and occupational performance desires. Environmental factors such as parental concerns, community safety, pedestrian environments, traffic volume, and public transportation design are important. Further research partnering with autistic adults could better inform future occupational therapy interventions for community mobility and driving.

Occupational therapy interventions should address community mobility and driving skills before school transition. Autistic adults' skill development may be affected by person factors such as motivation, anxiety, social skills, communication, and occupational performance desires. Environmental factors such as parental concerns, community safety, pedestrian environments, traffic volume, and public transportation design are important. Further research partnering with autistic adults could better inform future occupational therapy interventions for community mobility and driving.

The Intentional Relationship Model (IRM) guides learning about therapeutic use of self. The observer version of the Clinical Assessment of Modes (CAM-Observer) may be used to evaluate students' therapeutic communication as the process is defined in the IRM.

To assess the structural validity of the CAM-Observer.

Cross-sectional, psychometric study.

Master's in occupational therapy program.

One hundred thirty-four entry-level students.

The overall CAM-Observer and the individual subscales (Advocating, Collaborating, Empathizing, Encouraging, Instructing, Problem-Solving) were used to assess students' communication from the instructor's perspective.

The overall CAM-Observer and six subscales demonstrated appropriate rating scale functioning and dimensionality. The Advocating subscale demonstrated poor item fit, floor effects, and low person separation. One Collaborating item demonstrated poor fit to the overall CAM-Observer and the Collaborating subscale, requiring revision. Instructing and Encourase of self.

Designing, implementing, and measuring the effectiveness of sustainable Internationalization at Home programs will support the development of cultural competence among occupational therapy students.

To explore potential sustainable, effective methods for enhancing cultural competence in occupational therapy students through cross-cultural online collaborations.

Pretest-posttest, parallel mixed-methods design.

An online collaboration using video conferencing technology and classrooms at the European University Cyprus and the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences.

Bachelor of science and master of occupational therapy students at the European University Cyprus and the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, respectively.

Online video conferencing collaboration between occupational therapy students in which students discussed their perspectives and experiences regarding social injustice and occupational therapy's role in working with vulnerable populations.

Each campus participatational therapy students' cultural competence. Recommendations to further enhance Internationalization at Home experiences provide opportunities for increased cultural collaboration.

Documenting the benefits and barriers of implementing Internationalization at Home experiences will allow academic institutions to create sustainable methods for enhancing occupational therapy students' cultural competence. Selleckchem Blasticidin S Recommendations to further enhance Internationalization at Home experiences provide opportunities for increased cultural collaboration.

A reliable observational measure is necessary to measure clients' behaviors as they participate in activities. The Comprehensive Occupational Therapy Evaluation Scale (COTES) is designed to measure strengths and difficulties in various behaviors that support occupational performance.

To examine the test-retest reliability of the COTES (overall score and scores on the General Behavior, Social Behavior, and Work Behavior subscales) and calculate the minimal detectable change (MDC) for people with schizophrenia.

Prospective, observational study.

A psychiatric center.

COTES data for 118 people with schizophrenia were collected from occupational therapy records. Data from the initial and second COTES measurements were chosen for analysis.

Test-retest reliability of the overall scale and three subscales was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The MDC was calculated on the basis of the standard error of measurement.

ICCs for the overall scale and three subscales ranged from .91 to .97. The MDC values (MDC%) were 6.5 (10.5%) for the overall scale, 3.4 (13.5%) for the General Behavior subscale, 2.3 (15.2%) for the Social Behavior subscale, and 2.4 (11.0%) for the Work Behavior subscale.

The COTES has good test-retest reliability. Clinicians and researchers can use the MDC values provided in this study to explain the implications of change scores for behaviors that affect occupational performance for people with schizophrenia.

The COTES has sound reliability and support for its use in determining whether people with schizophrenia make real improvements in behavior that affects occupational performance over time.

The COTES has sound reliability and support for its use in determining whether people with schizophrenia make real improvements in behavior that affects occupational performance over time.

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a common treatment for children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP). Although clinic-based assessments have demonstrated improvements in arm function after CIMT, whether these changes are translated and sustained outside of a clinic setting remains unclear.

Accelerometers were used to quantify arm movement for children with CP 1 wk before, during, and 4 wk or more after CIMT; measurements were compared with those from typically developing (TD) peers.

Observational.

Tertiary hospital and community.

Seven children with CP (5 boys, 2 girls; average [AVE] age ± standard deviation [SD] = 7.4 ± 1.2 yr) and 7 TD peers (2 boys, 5 girls; AVE age ± SD = 7.0 ± 2.3 yr).

30-hr CIMT protocol.

Use ratio, magnitude ratio, and bilateral magnitude were calculated from the accelerometer data. Clinical measures were administered before and after CIMT, and parent surveys assessed parent and child perceptions of wearing accelerometers.

During CIMT, the frequency and magnitude of paretic arm use among children with CP increased in the clinic and in daily life. After CIMT, although clinical scores showed sustained improvement, the children's accelerometry data reverted to baseline values. Children and parents in both cohorts had positive perceptions of accelerometer use.

The lack of sustained improvement in accelerometry metrics after CIMT suggests that therapy gains did not translate to increased movement outside the clinic. Additional therapy may be needed to help transfer gains outside the clinic.

Accelerometer measurements were effective at monitoring arm movement outside of the clinic during CIMT and suggested that additional interventions may be needed after CIMT to sustain benefits.

Accelerometer measurements were effective at monitoring arm movement outside of the clinic during CIMT and suggested that additional interventions may be needed after CIMT to sustain benefits.

Practitioners working in school settings have a variety of job-related responsibilities in addition to direct service provision. Models of best practice indicate that a workload approach to service delivery allows practitioners to provide effective and productive interventions in the school setting; however, current information related to service delivery by school-based practitioners in the United States is lacking.

To explore current caseloads, service delivery models, implementation of workload models, knowledge of state and local policies, and job satisfaction of school-based occupational therapy practitioners and how they relate to best practice.

Web-based survey.

School-based practice.

Three hundred seventy-one school-based practitioners from across the United States completed the study.

Investigator-developed survey with both closed- and open-ended questions.

School-based practitioners recruited via social media platforms and snowball sampling completed an online survey. Results indicate guidelines and implementation, service delivery models, and methods of advocacy and negotiation skills are needed to support practitioners as they advocate for changes in their practice.

Few predictive models for later handwriting difficulties have been developed for kindergarteners.

To develop a nomogram for the purpose of detecting the risk of later poor Chinese handwriting among Taiwanese kindergarteners.

One-year prospective longitudinal, observational study.

Kindergarten and elementary school.

One hundred fifty-six kindergarteners were included. In first grade, they were grouped into the normal and poor handwriting groups on the basis of handwriting performance in first grade.

Participants received fine motor (FM), visual-perceptual (VP), and visual-motor integration tests in kindergarten and handwriting assessments in first grade.

Logistic regression results indicated that younger age at school entry and lower scores on measures of FM and VP in kindergarten increased the risk for later poor handwriting. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in the nomogram built with these risk factors was .75, indicating that the nomogram had acceptable diagnostic value.

This nomogram could be used as a screening tool to detect kindergarteners at risk of poor Chinese handwriting in first grade.

This study is the first to establish a nomogram constructed with significant predictors in kindergarten of a child's probability of poor handwriting later in first grade. This predictive nomogram may help occupational therapists, educators, and parents identify at-risk kindergarteners early for the purpose of early interventions to prevent later poor Chinese handwriting.

This study is the first to establish a nomogram constructed with significant predictors in kindergarten of a child's probability of poor handwriting later in first grade. This predictive nomogram may help occupational therapists, educators, and parents identify at-risk kindergarteners early for the purpose of early interventions to prevent later poor Chinese handwriting.