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Sociologists have made fundamental contributions to the study of race and health in the United States. They have disrupted biological assumptions of race, uncovered individual and structural factors that drive racial health disparities and explored the effects of racism on health. In recent years, however, with broader shifts towards big data, the work to understand the dynamics between race and health has been increasingly pursued from a quantitative perspective. Often, such analyses isolate intermediary mechanisms to further explain race as a cause of disease. While important, these approaches potentially limit our investigations of underlying assumptions about race and the complexity of this critical social construct. We argue that the resulting dearth of qualitative research on race and health substantially limits the knowledge being produced. After providing an overview of the overwhelming shift towards quantitative methods in the study of race and health, we present three areas of study that would benefit from greater qualitative inquiry as follows (1) Healthy Immigrant Effect, (2) Maternal Health and (3) End-of-Life Care. We conclude with a call to the discipline to embrace the critical role of qualitative research in exploring the dynamics of race and health in the United States.

We aimed to examine whether an association exists between diet quality, based on the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Healthy Diet Score (HDS), and active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Participants were drawn from the Manitoba Living With IBD Study cohort. The Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to calculate the HDS at two time points baseline and 1-year follow-up. Using generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression, we assessed the association between the HDS and (1) the IBD Symptom Inventory (IBDSI); (2) intestinal inflammation, measured by fecal calprotectin (FCAL); and (3) self-reported IBD flares.

There were 294 completed FFQs among 153 people. Of these, 100% had completed data about an IBD flare, 98% had FCAL measurements, and 96% had completed IBDSI scores. On a HDS scoring method of 0-8, the odds of FCAL >250 mcg/g were lower for participants with a HDS of 4 vs 0-3 (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.38; 95% CI, 0.19-0.77). When applying a second HDS scoring method (8-40), the odds of having an IBD flare were 3.6 times greater with a HDS between 21 and 24 compared with an HDS ≤20 (adjusted OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.03-12.78).

We found that active inflammation was less likely among those with a moderate HDS , whereas symptomatic IBD flares were more likely. People may choose to consume a moderate amount of healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables, even knowing that those foods may cause a symptomatic flare.

We found that active inflammation was less likely among those with a moderate HDS , whereas symptomatic IBD flares were more likely. People may choose to consume a moderate amount of healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables, even knowing that those foods may cause a symptomatic flare.Population pharmacokinetic (PK) and exposure-safety analyses of alisertib were performed in children enrolled in two clinical trials NCT024448841 and NCT01154816.2 NCT02444884 was a dose-finding study in children with relapsed/refractory solid malignancies (phase 1) or neuroblastomas (phase 2). Patients received oral alisertib 45-100 mg/m2 as powder-in-capsule once daily (QD) or twice daily (BID) for 7 days in 21-day cycles. Serial blood samples were collected up to 24 hours post-dose on cycle 1, day 1. NCT01154816 was a phase 2 single-arm study evaluating efficacy in children with relapsed/refractory solid malignancies or acute leukemias. Patients received alisertib 80 mg/m2 as enteric-coated tablets QD for 7 days in 21-day cycles. Sparse PK samples were collected up to 8 hours post-dose on cycle 1, day 1. Sources of alisertib PK variability were characterized and quantified using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling to support dosing recommendations in children and adolescents. A 2-compartment model with oral absorption described by 3 transit compartments was developed using data from 146 patients. Apparent oral clearance and central distribution volume were correlated with body surface area (BSA) across the age range of 2-21 years, supporting the use of BSA-based alisertib dosing in the pediatric population. The recommended dose of 80 mg/m2 QD enteric-coated tablets provided similar alisertib exposures across pediatric age groups and comparable exposure to that in adults receiving 50 mg BID (recommended adult dose). Statistically significant relationships (p less then .01) were observed between alisertib exposures and incidence of grade ≥2 stomatitis and febrile neutropenia, consistent with antiproliferative mechanism-related toxicities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

This study aimed to examine whether modifiable risk factors can predict tooth loss over 10 years and estimate population attributable risk (PAR) for a combination of modifiable factors.

This longitudinal study included 1,466 participants who underwent dental examinations in 2007 and 2017 and were aged 40-79 years at baseline. Periodontal conditions were assessed using the 2018 periodontal classification. Incident tooth loss was defined as ≥4 teeth lost over a 10-year period. We calculated the partial PAR (pPAR%) for tooth loss to estimate the combined effect of modifiable risk factors.

Incidence of tooth loss was 17.5%. Directed acyclic graphs were used to identify risk factors for tooth loss. A logistic regression model showed that baseline periodontitis, dental caries experience, no regular dental visit, periodontal treatment, smoking, and obesity were associated with tooth loss after adjusting for covariates; pPAR% was 55.5% (95% confidence interval 31.1-73.0%) in periodontitis stage III-IV and 87.6% (50.4-97.4%) in the combination of all factors, respectively. The sex-stratified analysis showed that smoking and no regular dental visit in men and obesity in women were identified as potential risk factors for tooth loss.

Modifiable factors accounted for most cases of incident tooth loss. Risk factors for tooth loss might differ by sex, suggesting that the appropriate approach for preventing tooth loss base on sex. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Modifiable factors accounted for most cases of incident tooth loss. Risk factors for tooth loss might differ by sex, suggesting that the appropriate approach for preventing tooth loss base on sex. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Quantum chemical computations were used to reinvestigate the geometries, spectroscopic, and energetic properties of the gold clusters Au27 q in three charge states (q = 1, 0, -1). Density functional theory (DFT) and the domain-based local pair natural orbital modification of the coupled-cluster theory DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations revealed that, at variance with earlier reports in the literature, while the anion Au27 - tends to exist in a tube-like form, both the lowest-energy Au27 and Au27 + isomers exhibit a pyramidal shape. However, several isomers were found to lie very close in energy, thus rendering a structural transition and their coexistence easy to occur. More specifically, the equilibrium geometry of the neutral Au27 is a core-shell pyramid-like structure with one gold atom located inside. We also identified a novel ground state for the anion Au27 - and located for the first time the global minimum of the cation Au27 + . The vertical detachment energies of the neutral and anionic states were also computed and used to assign the available experimental photoelectron spectra. Although many Au27 isomers were predicted to be energetically quasi-degenerate, the corresponding distinctive vibrational signatures can be used as fingerprints for the identification of cluster geometrical features.The mortality of livestock caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) still accounts for a large proportion of deaths in large-scale production and reproduction, which causes devastating economic losses to the pig breeding industry. The aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial activity of combined aditoprim (ADP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) against clinical isolates of E. coli from pigs and to develop a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model to formulate the optimal dose of ADP/SMZ for the treatment of pig colibacillosis. Blood and ileum fluid samples were collected at different times after single intramuscular injection of ADP/SMZ (5/25 mg/kg b.w.) to healthy pigs and E. coli-infected pigs. Concentrations of ADP and SMZ in plasma and ileum fluid were analyzed by HPLC. The peak concentration (Cmax ) and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24h ) in ileum fluid of healthy pigs were 1.76 ± 0.27 µg/ml and 18.92 ± 2.87 µg·h/ml for ADP and 19.15 ± 2.63 µg/ml and 125.70 ± 11.lues in ileum fluid for bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and bacterial eradication were 18.84, 65.39, and 110.68 h, respectively. In conclusion, a dosage of 3.45/17.25 mg/kg ADP/SMZ by intramuscular injection daily for 3 consecutive days may be sufficient to treat swine colibacillosis due to E. coli with a MIC of 0.5/2.5 µg/ml.

Advancements in strategies to maintain compromised teeth combined with a greater understanding of risks associated with dental implants invite a reassessment of the benefits of strategic extraction of a tooth with a questionable prognosis or of limited strategic value.

Evidence of the management of compromised teeth and decision making for strategic extraction was reviewed. Additionally, the risks for peri-implantitis were evaluated from the perspective of patient centric, biologic, and biomechanical complications.

Recent clinical innovations support a more predictable maintenance of compromised dentition, and the clinical literature provides evidence of the risks associated with dental implants.

Due to the improvements in dental management of compromised dentition, strategic extraction should be deferred, whenever possible, to avoid complications associated with peri-implantitis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Due to the improvements in dental management of compromised dentition, strategic extraction should be deferred, whenever possible, to avoid complications associated with peri-implantitis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

To determine the stability bovine stifles stabilized with nylon or nitinol superelastic prostheses after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL).

Ex vivo study.

Stifles (n=15) harvested from adult bovine cadavers.

The stifles were randomly assigned pairwise to a ligament reconstruction technique (n=5) (1) and (2) Hamilton's technique using a prosthesis made of 24 nitinol strands (0.39 mm) braided at 40°or single 600-lb test nylon implant, and (3) nitinol prosthesis placed in femoral and tibial bone tunnels (bone-to-bone). Craniocaudal tibial translation at ±2000 N was applied to the tibia, and mediolateral angular displacement via measured under torsional tibial loading at ±60 Nm on three occasions intact CCL, transected, and stabilized. Outcomes were evaluated with a mixed effect linear model for repeated measures.

Bone-to-bone using nitinol was the only repair that decreased tibial translation after CCL transection (p= .001) with a 23% change magnitude compared with intact CCL. Hamilton was the only stabilization reestablishing angular displacement, similar to intact CCL (p=.