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implicate p75NTR signaling as a potential pathomechanism in BDNF-dependent modulation of risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.The aim of this study was to assess the effects of plyometric training with an agility ladder on components of physical fitness in youth soccer players. A total of twenty male under-13 soccer players were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group with an agility ladder (n=10) or a control group (n=10). Before and after training intervention linear sprint test (5 m, 10 m, 20 m), vertical jump ability (squat jump, countermovement jump and countermovement jump with arms), agility test, and slalom dribble test were assessed. The plyometric training with agility ladder was applied two times per week over six weeks. Data were analyzed using linear mixed model. The plyometric training group showed significant improvements (p0.05) were found in squat jump, countermovement jump, sprint, agility test, and slalom dribble test. In conclusion, the short-term plyometric training with agility ladder seems to be ineffective and not time-efficient to improve physical fitness in youth soccer players. However, the interpretation of these results must be understood within the sample size limitations.The great potential of contact lenses for improving vision in all forms of corneal irregularities, e. g. keratoconus, after keratoplasty, after keratitis, is in danger of being forgotten. ACY-1215 Especially by the younger generation of ophthalmologists and opticians there is a risk that the skill of fitting contact lenses professionally will be lost. There are many situations in which the practicing ophthalmologist should recognize that the contact lens can be a useful option for the visual rehabilitation of his patient. In this article, we provide a summary of "The basics of practical contact lens fitting". The first part is about materials, fields of application and differences in optics compared to glasses.In times of unlimited availability of exchange lenses on the internet and in discount stores, the contact lens has increasingly become a lifestyle but also a disposable product. The targeted marketing of the contact lens as a mass product could only be realized because the fitting and application of the contact lenses are presented as very simple. The numbers of contact lens-induced complications, as well as the fact that the German market in particular has not seen any increase in the number of contact lens wearers in recent years (2015 to 2019), however, speak a different language.How to fit your patient correctly after a detailed explanation of the different types of contact lenses and their areas of application, how to instruct him or her on how to use them correctly and what risks the patient must be informed about is the subject of this 2nd part of "The basics of practical contact lens fitting". It also explains how to avoid complications that can occur when wearing contact lenses and how to advise and care for patients with contact lens intolerances.Echography (also ultrasound) is a clinical, non-invasive imaging module that is used for the measurement of the axial length of the eye and for the investigation of pathologic entities of the chamber angle, the iris and the ciliary body. Furthermore, its role in the management of vitreoretinal pathologies and the differentiation of intraocular tumors is indisputable. Echography remains the first-choice imaging tool in case of insufficient visualization of the posterior segment due to opacity or obstruction of the optical media of the eye. In addition, it can contribute to a more precise diagnostic characterization of lesions in all eye segments. Patients with corneal opacities, abnormalities of the iris, the chamber angle and the ciliary body, as well as patients with dense cataract, vitreous hemorrhage or inflammatory opacities can be properly diagnosed via ultrasound and be treated accordingly.

 This study is to describe the distribution of natural true anastomoses associated with the distally based perforator-plus sural neurocutaneous flap (sural flap), summarize our experience in the flap with high pivot point, and compare the outcomes between the flaps with high and low pivot points.

 Five amputated lower limbs were perfused, and the integuments were radiographed. We retrospectively analyzed 378 flaps, which were divided into two groups pivot points located ≤8.0 cm (low pivot point group) and >8.0 cm (high pivot point group) proximal to the tip of the lateral malleolus. Partial necrosis rates were compared between two groups.

 The arterial chain surrounding the sural nerve was linked by true anastomoses from the intermalleolar line to popliteal crease. True anastomoses existed among peroneal perforators and between these perforators and the arterial chain. There were 93 flaps with high pivot point and 285 flaps with low pivot point. Partial necrosis rates were 16 and 9.1% in the high and low pivot point group (

 = 0.059), respectively.

 True anastomosis connections among peroneal perforators and the whole arterial chain around sural nerve enable the sural flap to survive with a greater length. The sural flap with high pivot point is a good option for reconstructing soft-tissue defects in the middle and distal leg, ankle, and foot, particularly when the lowest peroneal perforator presents damage, greater distance to the defects, discontinuity with the donor site, or anatomical variation.

 True anastomosis connections among peroneal perforators and the whole arterial chain around sural nerve enable the sural flap to survive with a greater length. The sural flap with high pivot point is a good option for reconstructing soft-tissue defects in the middle and distal leg, ankle, and foot, particularly when the lowest peroneal perforator presents damage, greater distance to the defects, discontinuity with the donor site, or anatomical variation.

 Stacked and conjoined (SC) flaps are a useful means of increasing flap volume in autologous breast reconstruction. The majority of studies, however, have been limited to smaller, single-center series.

 A systematic literature review was performed to identify outcomes-based studies on microvascular SC-flap breast reconstruction. Pooled rates of flap and operative characteristics were analyzed. Meta-analytic effect size estimates were calculated for reconstructive complication rates and outcomes of studies comparing SC flaps to non-SC flaps. Meta-regression analysis identified risk factors for flap complications.

 Twenty-six studies were included for analysis (21 case series, five retrospective cohort studies) for a total of 869 patients, 1,003 breasts, and 2006 flaps. The majority of flaps were harvested from the bilateral abdomen (78%, 782 breasts) followed by combined abdomen-thigh stacked flaps (22.2%, 128 breasts). About 51.1% of flaps were anastomosed to anterograde/retrograde internal mammary vessels (230 breasts) and 41.