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The Spanish Flu was one of the disasters in the history of Iran, especially Southern Iran, which led to the death of a significant number of people in Iran. It started on October 29, 1917, and lasted till 1920 - a disaster that we can claim changed the history. In one of the First World War battlefields in southern Iran in 1918, there was nothing left until the end of World War I and when the battle between Iranian warriors (especially people of Dashtestan and Tangestan in Bushehr, Arabs, and people of Bakhtiari in Khuzestan and people of Kazerun and Qashqai in Fars) and British forces had reached its peak. As each second encouraged the triumph for the Iranians, a flu outbreak among Iranian warriors led to many deaths and, as a result, military withdrawal. The flu outbreak in Kazerun, Firoozabad, Farshband, Abadeh, and even in Shiraz changed the end of the war. In this article, we attempt to discuss the role of the Spanish flu outbreak at the end of one of the forefronts of World War I.

There are limited data on vascular risk factors (VRFs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This meta-analysis was completed to summarize the existing evidence on stroke risk factors (SRFs) in the Iranian population.

An electronic literature search of the databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, and IranMedex was performed to identify the related articles published up to March 2018. For categorical or continuous variables, the data were also pooled using the fixed- or the random-effect models, respectively, expressed as odds ratio (OR) or weighted mean difference (WMD).

A total of 15 articles were recruited. The risk of stroke was associated with mean age, but not gender. Among traditional VRFs, hypertension (HTN), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), diabetes mellitus (DM), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were associated with increased risk of stroke. Apart from the high circulating levels of triglycerides (TG), low-densapproaches to recognize and address VRFs, to monitor and control CS and OD rates, and to encourage a healthy lifestyle.Many studies have shown the crippling effects of sanctions on the healthcare sector of different countries, including Iran. Long-standing sanctions against Iran escalated recently and severely limited commercial activities with Iran. The devastating consequences of these embargoes have affected all aspects of health care delivery in Iran, limiting the availability of critical medicines and medical devices, and negatively impacting primary health care, treatment of complex diseases including cancer, medical tourism, and medical education and research. The present novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has uncovered this long-standing crisis in the Iranian health care sector. In this communication, we briefly discuss selected aspects of these sanctions and their impact on the health care system and people of Iran during this critical time.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the greatest threats to public health, and have been related to poor quality dietary patterns. This study was conducted to determine the distribution of dietary risk factors in Iran.

Cross-sectional data was gathered between April and November 2016 from 30,541 eligible adults (out of 31 050 individuals who were selected through systematic proportional to size cluster random sampling) living in urban and rural areas, using the WHO-based STEPs risk factor questionnaire. Low intakes of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and fish, and high intakes of salty processed food (SPF), as well as daily intake of hydrogenated fat (HF) were considered as nutritional risk factors.

At the national level, 82.8% (95% CI 82.4-83.2), 57.8% (95% CI 57.2-58.4), 80.6% (95% CI 80.1-81) and 90.3% (95% CI 90-90.6) of participants of all age groups had sub-optimal intakes of fruits, vegetables, dairy products and fish, respectively. Furthermore, 12.8% (95% CI 12.4-13.1), and 29.4% (95% CI 28.9-29.9) of respondents had high SPF intakes and HF use, respectively. At the sub-national level, the highest distribution of suboptimal intake of fruits (97.2%; 95% CI96-98.3), vegetables (79.2%; 95% CI 76.3-82.1) and dairy products (92.9%; 95% CI 91-94.7) was observed in Sistan and Baluchistan. Except for Boushehr and Hormozgan, the majority of the population of other provinces consumed fish less than twice a week. Similarly, the high intake of SPF was found mostly in the population of Yazd (23.7; 95% CI 20.2-27.2). HF consumption was the highest in North Khorasan (64.2%; 95% CI 60.3-68.1).

These findings highlight the widespread distribution of dietary risk factors in Iran, which should be a priority for the people and the politicians in order to prevent NCDs.

These findings highlight the widespread distribution of dietary risk factors in Iran, which should be a priority for the people and the politicians in order to prevent NCDs.

Choledochal cysts are seen commonly in Asian populations, but rarely in Western populations. The pathogenesis of these premalignant lesions is not fully understood yet and the risk of malignant transformation increases with age. this website The overall malignancy risk is 10%-15% in East Asian countries. In this study, we aimed to present our surgical experience as a hepatobiliary center to the literature.

We retrospectively analyzed the data from the medical records of 70 patients operated for choledochal cyst between 2008-2019.

Sixty-two of the 70 (89%) patients were female and 8 (11%) were male, the mean age was 45.89 ± 15.32 years. Overall, 44 (63%) patients had type I (a+b+c), 20 (28%) type V (Caroli), 2 (3%) type II, 2 (3%) type III and 2 (3%) type IVb cysts. The most common operation was cyst excision combined with hepaticojejunostomy (n 26, 37%). The median diameter of the resected cysts was 3 cm (min- max 1-11 cm). Malignancy was observed only in three (4%) patients with type III, type Ib, and type V cyts, who were 19, 38, and 72 years old, respectively. Mortality was not observed, morbidity was determined totally in 30 (43%) cases during early and late postoperative periods.

Type of surgery in choledochal cysts differs according to the type of the cyst. Malignancy was observed at a rate of 4% in all age groups. Although the frequency of malignancy varies, the main treatment of choice should be surgery because malignancy can be seen at a young age.

Type of surgery in choledochal cysts differs according to the type of the cyst. Malignancy was observed at a rate of 4% in all age groups. Although the frequency of malignancy varies, the main treatment of choice should be surgery because malignancy can be seen at a young age.