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ine.Brain extraction is a fundamental prerequisite step in neuroimage analysis for fetus. Due to surrounding maternal tissues and unpredictable movement, brain extraction from fetal Magnetic Resonance (MR) images is a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning-based multi-step framework for brain extraction from 3D fetal MR images. In the first step, a global localization network is applied to estimate probability maps for brain candidates. Connected-component labeling algorithm is applied to eliminate small erroneous components and accurately locate the candidate brain area. In the second step, a local refinement network is implemented in the brain candidate area to obtain fine-grained probability maps. Final extraction results are derived by a fusion network with the two cascaded probability maps obtained from previous two steps. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method has superior performance compared with existing deep learning-based methods.As an important sector of the chemical industry, biocatalysis requires the continuous development of enzymes with tailor-made activity, selectivity, stability, or tolerance to unnatural environments. This is now routinely achieved by directed evolution based on iterative cycles of genetic diversification and activity screening. Here, we highlight its recent developments. First, the design of "smarter" libraries by focused mutagenesis may be a crucial start-up for a fast and successful outcome. Then library assembly and expression are also key steps that benefits from modern molecular biology progresses. Finally, various strategies may be considered for library screening depending on the final objective while low-throughput direct assays have been very successful in generating enzymes for important biocatalytic processes, even in bringing completely new chemistries to the enzyme world, ultrahigh-throughput screening methods are emerging as powerful approaches for engineering the next generation of industrial enzymes.

Although previous research has established that child maltreatment (CM) and peer relationships (i.e., deviant peer affiliation, being ignored by peers) are strong predictors of adolescent internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) behavior problems, no study has examined the above effects concurrently. Nor have researchers investigated the potential peer relationship differences in the effects of CM types on adolescent behavior problems. Thus, this study aims to examine the independent and combined effects of different types of CM and peer relationships on behavior problems.

The Generalized Estimating Equations approach was conducted using the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. Child-Protective-Services reports and youth self-reports were used for each type of CM. Deviant peer affiliation (DP) has been assessed using a modified version of the Youth-Risk-Behavior-and-Monitoring-the-Future Survey, while being ignored by peers was assessed using a single question. Adolescent INT and EXT were measured using the Youth-Self-Report.

Emotional abuse was associated with both INT and EXT, whereas physical abuse was associated with EXT. Higher DP and higher incidence of being ignored by peers were both associated with higher levels of INT and EXT. Emotionally abused youth with higher levels of DP had less INT, compared to emotionally abused youth with lower levels of DP.

The Findings indicate the need for interventions that 1) take into account the different effects of CM types, specifically for emotionally abused youth; 2) help youth to build positive relationships with peers; and 3) work to reduce the possibility of affiliation with deviant peers.

The Findings indicate the need for interventions that 1) take into account the different effects of CM types, specifically for emotionally abused youth; 2) help youth to build positive relationships with peers; and 3) work to reduce the possibility of affiliation with deviant peers.

Definitions of child maltreatment vary between studies, and few are informed by research in non-Western countries.

We examined attitudes about child maltreatment in China and the Netherlands.

The sample consisted of 304 participants from three groups (mothers, fathers, and teachers) and two countries (China and the Netherlands).

Participants completed the Maltreatment Q-sort in which 90 items reflecting four types of child maltreatment (physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect) are divided in 9 stacks of 10 cards from least (1) to most (9) damaging to the child.

The average within-country (r = .57) and within-group (r = .58) agreement about the order of harmfulness of the behaviors did not differ from the average between-country (r = .49) and between-group (r = .53) agreement. Physical abuse was seen as the most harmful form of child maltreatment and emotional neglect as the least harmful form (pƞ

= .88). Higher thresholds were found for labeling the behaviors as child maltreatment, and the perceived need for intervention by a professional than for the need for intervention by a non-professional (pƞ

= .67). These thresholds were higher for Chinese than for Dutch participants (pƞ

= .31).

The areas of agreement found are promising because successful collaboration within and between countries and groups could lead to more successful prevention and intervention of child maltreatment. The difference between China and the Netherlands however, stresses the importance of cultural sensitivity when implementing child maltreatment prevention and intervention programs.

The areas of agreement found are promising because successful collaboration within and between countries and groups could lead to more successful prevention and intervention of child maltreatment. The difference between China and the Netherlands however, stresses the importance of cultural sensitivity when implementing child maltreatment prevention and intervention programs.

Youth living in the slums of Kampala face many adversities, such as dire environmental conditions, poverty, and lack of government infrastructure.

The purpose of this study is to examine the interplay of alcohol use and child maltreatment on suicidal ideation among youth living in the slums of Kampala, Uganda.

The study sample includes service-seeking youth who were attending Uganda Youth Development Link (UYDEL) drop-in centers in spring 2014 (n = 1134).

Indicators of child maltreatment included parental physical abuse, parental neglect, and sexual abuse. Problematic alcohol use was specified using a hybrid structural equation mixture model that distinguished current drinking status with the frequency and intensity of use among current drinkers. This novel approach is more flexible than restricting our analysis to only drinkers or analyzing only current drinking status. GNE-049 cost The primary outcome of interest was suicidal ideation. All associations controlled for gender and age, and all associations were estimated simultaneously.