Coffeydonahue9214

BACKGROUND Brain metastases (BM) cause symptoms that supportive medications can alleviate. We assessed whether racial disparities in supportive medication utilization after BM diagnosis exist. METHODS SEER-linked, Medicare-enrolled patients diagnosed with BM between 2007-2016 were identified. Fourteen supportive medication classes were studied non-opioid analgesics, opioids, antiemetics, antiepileptics, headache-targeting medications, steroids, cognitive aids, antidepressants, anxiolytics, anti-delirium/antipsychotic agents, muscle relaxants, psychostimulants, sleep aids, and appetite stimulants. Drug administration ≤30 days following BM diagnosis was compared by race using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Among 17,957 patients, headache aids, antidepressants, and anxiolytics were prescribed less frequently to African Americans (OR=0.81 [0.73-0.90], p less then 0.001, OR=0.68 [95% CI 0.57-0.80], p less then 0.001, and OR=0.68 [0.56-0.82], p less then 0.001, respectively), Hispanics (OR=0.83 [0.73-0.0.01), and appetite stimulants (OR=0.87 [0.76-0.99], p=0.03). No medication class was prescribed significantly less frequently to Whites. CONCLUSIONS Disparities in supportive medication prescription for non-White/Hispanic groups with BM exist; improved provider communication and engagement with at-risk patients is needed. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.INTRODUCTION We use multilevel modeling (MLM) to parse out the effects of time-varying smoking abstinence and baseline depression (history and severity) on depression severity over one year. METHODS Participants were 1,000 smokers recruited worldwide for an online randomized controlled tobacco cessation trial. We examined whether changes in depression severity over time were associated with self-reported 7-day point prevalence smoking status assessed at 1-,3-,6-, and 12-month follow-up using baseline major depressive episode (MDE) history and baseline depression severity as time-invariant covariates. We present depression severity means and smoking abstinence at each follow-up. RESULTS Regardless of concurrent abstinence status, baseline MDE history was significantly related to depression severity over time those reporting a past MDE had worse depressive symptoms over time compared with those reporting no MDE history. Baseline depression severity interacted significantly with time-varying abstinence status fotoms throughout a one-year period compared to their abstinent counterparts. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2020. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.Plants are subject to dramatic fluctuations in the intensity of sunlight throughout the day. When the photosynthetic machinery is exposed to high light, photons are absorbed in excess, potentially leading to oxidative damage of its delicate membrane components. A photoprotective molecular process called non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is the fastest response carried out in the thylakoid membranes to harmlessly dissipate excess light energy. Despite having been intensely studied, the site and mechanism of this essential regulatory process are still debated. Here, we show that the main NPQ component called energy-dependent quenching (qE) is present in plants with photosynthetic membranes largely enriched in the major trimeric light-harvesting complexes (LHC) II, while being deprived of all minor LHC and most of photosystem core proteins. This fast and reversible quenching depends upon thylakoid lumen acidification (ΔpH). Enhancing ΔpH amplifies the extent of the quenching and restores qE in the membranes lacking PsbS protein, whereas the carotenoid zeaxanthin modulates the kinetics and amplitude of the quenching. These findings highlight the self-regulatory properties of the photosynthetic light harvesting membranes in vivo, where the ability to switch reversibly between the harvesting and dissipative states is an intrinsic property of the major LHCII complex. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand-receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society.Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. However, effective means for TB diagnosis, especially for bacillus negative (Bn) TB laboratory diagnosis are urgently needed. In the present study, serum IgG from each tuberculosis patients and healthy controls was purified using affinity chromatography. The samples were then analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS) and ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) methods. We quantitatively assessed the changes of serum IgG galactosylation in 567 human serum samples including 377 pulmonary TB patients and 190 healthy donors (HDs). We found significantly more agalactosylated (G0) vs monogalactosylated (G1) and digalactosylated (G2) N-glycans of IgG in TB patients, including smear negative TB patients, than in HDs. The detection rate of TB diagnostic performance by MS for IgG-Gal-Ratio G0/(G1 + G2 × 2) is 90.48% for bacillus positive (Bp) and 73.16% for Bn TB patients. Further, combination of MS method with other routine laboratory TB diagnostic methods significantly increased the detection rate to 91.01%~98.39%. Similar results were observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection mouse models. The decrease in galactosylation of IgG in TB patients were also qualitatively confirmed using specific lectin blot assay. Using above techniques we can discriminate the content of IgG G0 with terminal N-acetylglucosamine and IgG-Gal-Ratio G0/(G1 + G2 × 2) between TB patients and HDs. Our data suggest that quantitative analysis of serum-based IgG-Gal-Ratio G0/(G1 + G2 × 2) could be used for TB auxiliary diagnosis with high effectiveness and feasibility, and its combination with other routine laboratory TB diagnostic methods could remarkably improve the detection rate. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.INTRODUCTION Vape shops represent prominent, unique retailers, subject to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation in the US. This study assessed compliance of US vape shop retail marketing strategies with new regulations (e.g., required age verification, prohibited free samples) and pre-implementation conditions for other regulations (e.g., health warning labels on all nicotine products, required disclosures of e-liquid contents). METHODS In May-July 2018, trained research assistants (ages 23-25) conducted mystery shopper (alone, n=174) and point-of-sale audits (in pairs, n=179) on different occasions in 30 randomly-selected vape shops in each of six US metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Boston, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Oklahoma City, San Diego, and Seattle). RESULTS 95.0% of shops displayed minimum-age signage; however, mystery shoppers were asked for age verification at 35.6% upon entry and at 23.4% upon purchase. Although 85.5% of shops had some evidence of implementing FDA health warnings, 29.1% had signage g with several regulations (e.g., minimum-age signage, FDA health warnings, free sampling bans). However, results also highlight the utility of mystery shoppers in identifying noncompliance (e.g., age verification, health claims, sampling, CBD product offerings). This study provides baseline data for comparison with future surveillance efforts in order to document the impact of full implementation of the FDA regulations on vape shop practices and marketing. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Interactions between plants and microbes are involved in biodiversity maintenance, community stability and ecosystem functioning. However, differences in the community and network structures between phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic bacteria have rarely been investigated. Here, we examined phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities of six mangrove species using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results revealed that the community structure of epiphytic and endophytic bacteria was different. Plant identity significantly affected the diversity and community structure of both epiphytic and endophytic bacteria, with a greater effect on the community structure of the former than the latter. Network analysis showed that both plant-epiphytic and plant-endophytic bacterial network structures were characterized by significantly highly specialized and modular but lowly connected and anti-nested properties. TMP269 Furthermore, the epiphytic bacterial network was more highly specialized and modular but less connected and more strongly anti-nested than the endophytic bacterial network. This study reveals that the phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic bacterial community structures differ and plant identity has a greater effect on the epiphytic than on the endophytic bacteria, which may provide a comprehensive insight into the role of plant identity in driving the phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic microbial community structures in mangrove ecosystems. © FEMS 2020.Mycobacteria have co-evolved with their hosts resulting in pathogens adept at intracellular survival. Pathogenic mycobacteria actively manipulate infected macrophages to drive granuloma formation while subverting host cell processes to create a permissive niche. Granuloma residency confers phenotypic antimicrobial resistance by physically excluding or neutralising antibiotics. Host-directed therapies (HDTs) combat infection by restoring protective immunity and reducing immunopathology independent of pathogen antimicrobial resistance status. This review covers innovative research that has discovered 'secondary' symptoms of infection in the granuloma stroma are actually primary drivers of infection and that relieving these stromal pathologies with HDTs benefits the host. Advances in our understanding of the relationship between tuberculosis and the host vasculature, haemostatic system, and extracellular matrix reorganisation are discussed. Preclinical and clinical use of HDTs against these stromal targets are summarised.