Claytonmcbride2508
To evaluate the incidence of consecutive exotropia following bilateral medial rectus muscle recession surgery (BMR) for esotropia using non-absorbable compared with absorbable sutures in children undergoing strabismus surgery.
A retrospective cohort study of all children with esotropia who underwent BMR by a single surgeon in a tertiary public hospital. As of February 2018, only non-absorbable sutures were used. The primary outcome was the incidence of consecutive exotropia.
A total of 121 children were included in the analysis, 3.66 ± 2.62 years, 53% were male. AZD9291 mouse In 80 children (66%) non-absorbable sutures were used (non-absorbable group) and in 41 children (34%) absorbable sutures were used (absorbable group). Consecutive exotropia (≥ 8 prism dioptres) occurred in ten children (24%) in the absorbable group and in three children (4%) in the non-absorbable group (OR = 8.28, 95% CI = 2.13-32.13; P = 0.002). This difference between groups remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders and follow-up time (HR = 4.98, 95% CI = 1.30-19.05, P = 0.019). Mean follow-up time was 22 and 12 months in the absorbable and non-absorbable groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Two children in the non-absorbable group had pyogenic granuloma that resolved after 3 months of topical steroidal therapy.
Routine use of non-absorbable sutures in BMR surgery for esotropia may be a preferable alternative to absorbable sutures for the prevention of consecutive exotropia.
Routine use of non-absorbable sutures in BMR surgery for esotropia may be a preferable alternative to absorbable sutures for the prevention of consecutive exotropia.
To establish the factors responsible for attenuation of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal beneath the neurosensory detachment (NSD).
We retrospectively reviewed 33 eyes with acute central serous chorioretinopathy. The thickness of the neurosensory retina, the thickness of the photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) layer, the height of the NSD, and the reflectivity of the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were measured at selected points of B-scans exported from 6 × 6 mm OCT angiography protocols. The intensity of the flow signal was measured at the corresponding regions of the choriocapillaris slab. The correlation between the parameters of the NSD and both the reflectivity of underlying RPE and the intensity of the flow signal in the choriocapillaris was calculated.
Correlation coefficients between RPE reflectivity and neurosensory retinal thickness, PROS layer thickness, and NSD height were -0.32, -0.64, and -0.25, respectively (p < 0.001). Correlation coefficients between the intensity of the flow signal and neurosensory retinal thickness, PROS layer thickness, and NSD height were -0.24 (p = 0.004), -0.52 (p < 0.001), and 0.13 (p = 0.13), respectively.
The thickness of the PROS layer is the most significant factor affecting OCT signal at the level of RPE and OCT angiography flow signal in the choriocapillaris beneath the NSD.
The thickness of the PROS layer is the most significant factor affecting OCT signal at the level of RPE and OCT angiography flow signal in the choriocapillaris beneath the NSD.The treatment and outcomes of diabetic macular oedema (DMO) have improved with the introduction of intravitreal injections. However, real-world data reveal that the burden of DMO treatment causes large gaps in outcomes between randomized clinical trials and daily clinical practice. Long-lasting intravitreal drugs and devices for DMO might reduce this disparity by achieving optimal treatment due to more feasible injection regimens. In this manuscript, we cover pharmacodynamics, preliminary results from clinical trials, and safety behavior about brolucizumab, faricimab, conbercept, KSI-301, and port-delivery system WR42221. These treatments might present the first step to control the global epidemic of diabetic eye disease in real life.For decades, the dynamic nature of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlaF) has provided insight into the biophysics and ecophysiology of the light reactions of photosynthesis from the subcellular to leaf scales. Recent advances in remote sensing methods enable detection of ChlaF induced by sunlight across a range of larger scales, from using instruments mounted on towers above plant canopies to Earth-orbiting satellites. This signal is referred to as solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) and its application promises to overcome spatial constraints on studies of photosynthesis, opening new research directions and opportunities in ecology, ecophysiology, biogeochemistry, agriculture and forestry. However, to unleash the full potential of SIF, intensive cross-disciplinary work is required to harmonize these new advances with the rich history of biophysical and ecophysiological studies of ChlaF, fostering the development of next-generation plant physiological and Earth-system models. Here, we introduce the scale-dependent link between SIF and photosynthesis, with an emphasis on seven remaining scientific challenges, and present a roadmap to facilitate future collaborative research towards new applications of SIF.The responses of plants to their environment are often dependent on the spatiotemporal dynamics of transcriptional regulation. While live-imaging tools have been used extensively to quantitatively capture rapid transcriptional dynamics in living animal cells, the lack of implementation of these technologies in plants has limited concomitant quantitative studies in this kingdom. Here, we applied the PP7 and MS2 RNA-labelling technologies for the quantitative imaging of RNA polymerase II activity dynamics in single cells of living plants as they respond to experimental treatments. Using this technology, we counted nascent RNA transcripts in real time in Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco) and Arabidopsis thaliana. Examination of heat shock reporters revealed that plant tissues respond to external signals by modulating the proportion of cells that switch from an undetectable basal state to a high-transcription state, instead of modulating the rate of transcription across all cells in a graded fashion. This switch-like behaviour, combined with cell-to-cell variability in transcription rate, results in mRNA production variability spanning three orders of magnitude. We determined that cellular heterogeneity stems mainly from stochasticity intrinsic to individual alleles instead of variability in cellular composition. Together, our results demonstrate that it is now possible to quantitatively study the dynamics of transcriptional programs in single cells of living plants.Plants are constantly adapting to ambient fluctuations through spatial and temporal transcriptional responses. Here, we implemented the latest-generation RNA imaging system and combined it with microfluidics to visualize transcriptional regulation in living Arabidopsis plants. This enabled quantitative measurements of the transcriptional activity of single loci in single cells, in real time and under changing environmental conditions. Using phosphate-responsive genes as a model, we found that active genes displayed high transcription initiation rates (one initiation event every ~3 s) and frequently clustered together in endoreplicated cells. We observed gene bursting and large allelic differences in single cells, revealing that at steady state, intrinsic noise dominated extrinsic variations. Moreover, we established that transcriptional repression triggered in roots by phosphate, a crucial macronutrient limiting plant development, occurred with unexpectedly fast kinetics (on the order of minutes) and striking heterogeneity between neighbouring cells. Access to single-cell RNA polymerase II dynamics in live plants will benefit future studies of signalling processes.Systemic immunosuppression for the mitigation of immune rejection after organ transplantation causes adverse side effects and constrains the long-term benefits of the transplanted graft. Here we show that protecting the endothelial glycocalyx in vascular allografts via the enzymatic ligation of immunosuppressive glycopolymers under cold-storage conditions attenuates the acute and chronic rejection of the grafts after transplantation in the absence of systemic immunosuppression. In syngeneic and allogeneic mice that received kidney transplants, the steric and immunosuppressive properties of the ligated polymers largely protected the transplanted grafts from ischaemic reperfusion injury, and from immune-cell adhesion and thereby immunocytotoxicity. Polymer-mediated shielding of the endothelial glycocalyx following organ procurement should be compatible with clinical procedures for transplant preservation and perfusion, and may reduce the damage and rejection of transplanted organs after surgery.Current protocols for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into chondrocytes do not allow for the expansion of intermediate progenitors so as to prospectively assess their chondrogenic potential. Here we report a protocol that leverages PRRX1-tdTomato reporter hPSCs for the selective induction of expandable and ontogenetically defined PRRX1+ limb-bud-like mesenchymal cells under defined xeno-free conditions, and the prospective assessment of the cells' chondrogenic potential via the cell-surface markers CD90, CD140B and CD82. The cells, which proliferated stably and exhibited the potential to undergo chondrogenic differentiation, formed hyaline cartilaginous-like tissue commensurate to their PRRX1-expression levels. Moreover, we show that limb-bud-like mesenchymal cells derived from patient-derived induced hPSCs can be used to identify therapeutic candidates for type II collagenopathy and we developed a method to generate uniformly sized hyaline cartilaginous-like particles by plating the cells on culture dishes coated with spots of a zwitterionic polymer. PRRX1+ limb-bud-like mesenchymal cells could facilitate the mass production of chondrocytes and cartilaginous tissues for applications in drug screening and tissue engineering.Tissue adhesives do not normally perform well on tissues that are covered with blood or other bodily fluids. Here we report the design, adhesion mechanism and performance of a paste that haemostatically seals tissues in less than 15 s, independently of the blood-coagulation rate. With a design inspired by barnacle glue (which strongly adheres to wet and contaminated surfaces owing to adhesive proteins embedded in a lipid-rich matrix), the paste consists of a blood-repelling hydrophobic oil matrix containing embedded microparticles that covalently crosslink with tissue surfaces on the application of gentle pressure. It slowly resorbs over weeks, sustains large pressures (approximately 350 mm Hg of burst pressure in a sealed porcine aorta), makes tough (interfacial toughness of 150-300 J m-2) and strong (shear and tensile strengths of, respectively, 40-70 kPa and 30-50 kPa) interfaces with blood-covered tissues, and outperforms commercial haemostatic agents in the sealing of bleeding porcine aortas ex vivo and of bleeding heart and liver tissues in live rats and pigs. The paste may aid the treatment of severe bleeding, even in individuals with coagulopathies.
