Clappmann4388

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The proportion of overweight and obese persons with HIV (PWH) has increased since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We aim to summarize recent literature on risks of weight gain, discuss adipose tissue changes in HIV and obesity, and synthesize current understanding of how excess adiposity and HIV contribute to metabolic complications. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have implicated contemporary ART regimens, including use of integrase strand transfer inhibitors and tenofovir alafenamide, as a contributor to weight gain, though the mechanisms are unclear. Metabolic dysregulation is linked to ectopic fat and alterations in adipose immune cell populations that accompany HIV and obesity. These factors contribute to an increasing burden of metabolic diseases in the aging HIV population. Obesity compounds an increasing burden of metabolic disease among PWH, and understanding the role of fat partitioning and HIV- and ART-related adipose tissue dysfunction may guide prevention and treatment strategies.BACKGROUND Regulatory T cell (Treg) plays an essential role in regulating anti-tumor immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) on Treg in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. METHOD The frequency of peripheral blood Tregs in 27 HCC patients who underwent TACE were measured at baseline and 1 month after TACE. The frequency of peripheral blood Tregs at baseline were compared with those in 23 healthy controls. Tregs were further classified into three subpopulations [Treg (I), Treg (II), Treg (III)] based on expression levels or markers and their function. The patients were divided into two groups according to tumor response after TACE; complete response group and incomplete response group. The correlations between the frequency of Treg and clinical factors were analyzed. RESULTS The frequency of Treg in HCC patients (7.52%) was significantly higher than in healthy controls (4.99%) at baseline. Regarding Treg subpopulations, the frequency of Treg (II) was significantly higher in HCC patients (2.51%) than in healthy controls (0.60%). In comparison of Treg numbers at baseline and post-TACE by tumor response, the change of Treg (III) in complete response group from baseline to post-TACE was significantly decreased (63.8 → 53.2/mm3). find more Patients with a high post-TACE Treg (III) (3.8 months) exhibited a significantly shorter median time to progression than those with a low post-TACE Treg (III) (11.6 months). In multivariate analyses, hypoalbuminemia (hazard ratio 3.324; 95% CI 1.098-10.063, p = 0.034) and high post-TACE Treg (III) (hazard ratio 3.080; 95% CI 1.091-8.696, p = 0.034) were significant factors for associating with progression. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of Tregs in HCC patients was significantly higher than in healthy controls. In addition, patients with a high post-TACE Treg (III) exhibited a significantly lower progression-free survival rate than those with a low post-TACE Treg (III).PURPOSE This study aimed to assess radiological findings of adenomyomatosis advancing to chronic inflammation to differentiate between adenomyomatosis with and without chronic inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified 79 patients with pathologically proven adenomyomatosis without (n = 10) or with chronic inflammation (n = 69), who underwent computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) followed by surgery. MRI analysis included evaluation of GB wall-thickening type, presence and location of intramural cysts, and presence of stones. CT analysis included GB wall-thickening type only. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the image-based findings of adenomyomatosis associated with chronic inflammation. RESULTS On univariate analysis, MRI-based GB wall-thickening type and presence of stones, and CT-based GB wall-thickening type were significantly different between adenomyomatosis with and without chronic inflammation. On multivariate analysis, only the absence of stones was identified as a significant predictor of adenomyomatosis without chronic inflammation (odds ratio 5.58; 95% confidence interval 1.20-26.01; p = 0.029). There was no significant difference in other MRI- and CT-based findings between adenomyomatosis with and without chronic inflammation. CONCLUSION In patients with adenomyomatosis, the presence of stones was independently associated with chronic inflammation.Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represents a huge medical need as it accounts for up to 30% of all dementia cases, and there is no cure available. The underyling spectrum of pathology is complex and creates a challenge for targeted molecular therapies. We here tested the hypothesis that leukotrienes are involved in the pathology of DLB and that blocking leukotrienes through Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist and approved anti-asthmatic drug, might alleviate pathology and restore cognitive functions. Expression of 5-lipoxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme for leukotriene production, was indeed elevated in brains with DLB. Treatment of cognitively deficient human alpha-synuclein overexpressing transgenic mice with Montelukast restored memory. Montelukast treatment resulted in modulation of beclin-1 expression, a marker for autophagy, and in a reduction in the human alpha-synulcein load in the transgenic mice. Reducing the protein aggregation load in neurodegenerative diseases might be a novel model of action of Montelukast. Moreover, this work presents leukotriene signaling as a potential drug target for DLB and shows that Montelukast might be a promising drug candidate for future DLB therapy development.Previous research has shown that gaze behavior of a speaker's face during speech encoding is influenced by an array of factors relating to the quality of the speech signal and the encoding task. In these studies, participants were aware they were viewing pre-recorded stimuli of a speaker that is not representative of natural social interactions in which an interlocutor can observe one's gaze direction, potentially affecting fixation behavior due to communicative and social considerations. To assess the potential role of these factors during speech encoding, we compared fixation behavior during a speech-encoding task under two conditions in the "real-time" condition, we used deception to convince participants that they were interacting with a live person who was able to see and hear them through online remote video communication. In the "pre-recorded" condition, participants were correctly informed they were watching a previously recorded video. We found that participants fixated the interlocutor's face significantly less in the real-time condition than the pre-recorded condition.