Chusantana2220

5 times as compared with the filter-based measurements. Higher mean concentrations of PM2.5 were observed in the Taoist temple and night market microenvironments; in contrast, lower concentrations were observed in air-conditioned offices and car microenvironments. While the exposure model incorporating detailed time-location information and infiltration factors achieved the highest prediction (R2 = 0.49) of personal exposure to PM2.5, the use of indoor, outdoor, and transit components for modeling also generated a consistent result (R2 = 0.44). Variations in methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in municipal sewer driven by pollution sources are complex and multifaceted. It is important to investigate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) components and microbiota to better understand what and how those variations occurred. For this purpose, this study provides a systematic assessment based on short-term in-sewer conditioned cultivations, in conjunction with a field survey in four typical sewers in Shanghai Megacity. The results are as follows (1) Sediment plays a main role in driving the sewer carbon emission behavior owing to its strong associations with the utilized substrates and predominant microbes that significantly promoted the gas fluxes (genera Bacteroidete_vadinHA17, Candidatus_competibacter, and Methanospirillum). (2) Aquatic DOM in overlying water is an indispensable factor in promoting total carbon emissions, yet the dominant microbes present there inversely correlated with gas fluxes (genera Methanothermobacter and Bac levels of CO2, while a small amount of CH4 emissions. The synergistic cooperation of microbial cells and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in biofilms is critical for the biofilm's resistance to heavy metals and the migration and transformation of heavy metals. However, the effects of different components of biofilms have not been fully understood. In this study, the spatial distribution and speciation of copper in the colloidal EPS, capsular EPS, cell walls and membranes, and intracellular fraction of unsaturated Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) CZ1 biofilms were fully determined at the subcellular level. It was found that 60-67% of copper was located in the extracellular fraction of biofilms, with 44.7-42.3% in the capsular EPS. In addition, there was 15.5-20.1% and 17.2-21.2% of copper found in the cell walls and membranes or the intracellular fraction, respectively. Moreover, an X-ray absorption fine structure spectra analysis revealed that copper was primarily bound by carboxyl-, phosphate-, and hydrosulfide-like ligands within the extracellular polymeric matrix, cell walls and membranes, and intracellular fraction, respectively. In addition, macromolecule quantification, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra and sulfur K-edge x-ray absorption near edge structure analysis further showed the carboxyl-rich acidic polysaccharides in EPS, phospholipids in cell walls and cell membranes, and thiol-rich intracellular proteins were involved in binding of copper in the different components of biofilm. Selleckchem NSC 119875 The full understanding of the distribution and chemical species of heavy metals in biofilms not only promotes a deep understanding of the interaction mechanisms between biofilms and heavy metals, but also contributes to the development of effective biofilm-based heavy metal pollution remediation technologies. Coastal ecosystems influenced by river discharges are subjected to important environmental changes. Understanding how marine biota cope with its environment is relevant in predicting the responses to future conditions imposed by climate change. link2 To date, a large number of studies have addressed the role of pH on shell and biomineralization properties on multiple calcifying species; however the role of salinity in combination with other stressors has been poorly studied. In particular, the edible mussel Mytilus chilensis, an important marine resource of the Chilean coasts, inhabits estuarine areas which show high natural variability in terms of pH and salinity. Here, we studied how M. chilensis shell periostracum, shell organic matrix and crystal orientation are affected by different pH (8.1 and 7.7) and salinity conditions (30, 25 and 20 psu), isolated and in combination, at different time intervals. Our results show differences in the plasticity of the different biomineralogical properties studied during the experiment under the different pH and salinity treatments. While the periostracum thickness and the total shell organic matter were not affected by pH and salinity, the periostracum organic composition did. Higher amounts of polysaccharides were observed under low pH conditions after 20 days of experiment, while after 60 days, low salinity was responsible for the decrease of the polysaccharides and proteins in the periostracum. Low salinity also produced a major disorder in crystal organization at the outer shell surface. Finally, total shell weight was only affected by low pH conditions under lower salinity conditions (20 psu). From the results, in the majority of the shell properties observed we did not observe any combined effect of pH and salinity. Also, we detected that the magnitude of the impacts of salinity and pH are variable and time-dependent. This would be suggesting some level of acclimatization of M. chilensis to lower pH and salinity conditions. Mining is responsible of releasing trace elements to the environment with potential negative effects on wildlife. Traditionally, wildlife exposure assessment has been developed by analyzing mainly environmental compartments or internal tissues. link3 Nowadays, the use of non-destructive matrices such as hair or feathers has increased. Nevertheless, its use in free-living terrestrial mammals or in birds other than raptors or passerines is less frequent. The main objective of our study was to determine the potential for hair and feathers in a rabbit and bird species to be used as non-invasive proxy tissues for assessing internal metal concentrations at polluted sites from mining. We tested whether hair of European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and feathers of red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) can be used as non-destructive biological monitoring tools of both essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Pb, Cd, As) trace elements in a currently active copper mining site. We found significant different concentrations, pated area. Bacillus subtilis YB1 is a strain that can efficiently transform nicosulfuron. In order to study its remediation ability and effects on other microorganisms in the soil, indoor biological remediation experiments and rhizosphere microbial diversity analysis were performed. B. subtilis YB1 granules were prepared and applied to the nicosulfuron contaminated soil. The concentration of nicosulfuron was detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and changes in the physiological indicators of wheat were measured. At the same time, the changes in the rhizosphere soil microbial diversity were determined by 16S RNA sequencing. Results showed that the YB1 granules made a contribution to the transformation of nicosulfuron (0.05 mg kg-1) in the soil within 55 days. The physiological indicators of wheat also showed consistent result about nicosulfuron transformation. Rhizosphere soil microbial diversity results indicated the relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased (3.0%-0.35%) and Ac nicosulfuron contamination. Cities are increasingly using constructed ponds to mitigate flooding and downstream water pollution from urban runoff. As a result, these stormwater ponds can have poor water quality, yet they can also attract wildlife. In this study, the effects of water quality on dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) were determined in stormwater ponds (n = 41) and natural reference ponds (n = 10) of similar size across the National Capital Region of Canada. A total of 38 chemical/physical water quality variables along with Odonata nymph abundance and taxonomic composition were sampled at each pond. Chloride concentrations exceeded the guideline for the protection of aquatic life at over two-thirds of the stormwater ponds. Among all the metals tested, only Cu exceeded guidelines at many stormwater ponds. Both dragonfly and damselfly nymphs were on average less abundant in the stormwater ponds in comparison to the natural ponds. Ponds with high concentrations of chloride and metals typically had lower dragonfly abundance. Dragonfly community structure was significantly influenced by high chloride (or conductivity), which likely originates from winter road salting. In contrast, damselfly community structure in the stormwater ponds was similar to that found in natural ponds, with nutrients and metals explaining a small percent of variation in community structure. A water quality index developed to assess habitats for the protection of aquatic life did not significantly explain Odonata abundance or measures of diversity and may not be suitable in assessing pond habitat quality. To improve pond habitats within cities, efforts should be directed at reducing the amount of impervious surface and road salt usage within catchment basins. Porous carbon, which can be functionalized, is considered as a potential carbon material. Herein, two-dimensional (2D) nitrogen-doped magnetic Fe3C/C (NMC) was prepared by a simple carbonization method using potassium humate (HA-K) as raw material. Remarkably, two templates, g-C3N4 and KCl, were formed in situ during the carbonization process, which provide the necessary conditions for the formation of 2D NMC. The NMC was comprehensively studied by different characterization methods. The results show that NMC has a large surface area and mesoporous structure. The prepared NMC-0.50 was used to test the removal performance of Cr(VI). The effects of pH value, coexisting ions and time on Cr(VI) removal performance were investigated, and the adsorption kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics were studied. The results showed that the adsorption isotherm model of NMC-50 accorded with the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 423.73 mg g-1. The reaction mechanism of Cr(VI) is adsorption and redox reaction. In addition, NMC-0.50 exhibit high selectivity, separability and regeneration performance. A convenient means for the synthesis of NMC was designed in this work, and demonstrate that NMC has practical value as an adsorbent. Hydrophobins are small, secreted amphiphilic proteins produced by filamentous fungi. Due to their charming ability to self-assemble at different interfaces, several efforts have been made in recent years to produce hydrophobins at a large scale for industrial applications. However, producing soluble and functional hydrophobins in bacterial expression systems is challenging because all hydrophobins contain eight conserved cysteine residues, resulting in the formation of inclusion bodies. Here, two cysteine mutants for both class I and class II hydrophobins were successfully produced in Escherichia coli in soluble form. Subsequent experiments systematically demonstrated that those two mutants preserved the ability to self-assemble at water-water, air-water and oil-water interfaces similarly to native hydrophobins. We also found that disulfide bridges differently influenced the self-assembly of hydrophobins. They were not involved in the self-assembly of the class I hydrophobin HGFI, but directly affected the self-assembly of the class II hydrophobin HFBI.