Churchhildebrandt4678

During this period, 4,835 individual teleosts belonging to 347 different species were treated. From 2004 to 2016, mortality during copper treatment was 4.1% (199/4,835 individuals) and was higher when treatment was started during the first week of quarantine (7.7%, 68/884) rather than later (3.3%, 131/3,951 individuals). Of the mortalities, 24.1% (48/199) occurred during the initial subtherapeutic period, and 75.9% (151/199) occurred during the therapeutic period. No mortalities occurred in 75.5% (262/347) of species during copper treatment. When using a similar methodology, copper sulfate is a safe immersion for quarantine of marine teleosts. Mortalities during copper treatment can be reduced by increasing copper ion levels to therapeutic ranges more slowly (e.g., over 7 days) and starting copper treatment after the first week of quarantine.Population pharmacokinetics utilizing sparse sampling were used to determine pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) due to their slow growth rate and the limited number of appropriately sized individuals in the zoo-housed population. Twenty-five eastern hellbenders received a single subcutaneous injection of ceftazidime at 20 mg/kg. Each animal had blood samples collected up to four times between 0 and 192 hr postinjection. Plasma samples were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A nonlinear mixed-effects model was fitted to the data to determine typical values for population parameters, an ideal method due to the sampling limitation of each hellbender. Results indicate an elimination half-life of 36.63 hr and volume of distribution of 0.31 L/kg. find more Antibiotic concentrations were above a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 8 µg/ml for 120 hr. Prior to antibiotic administration, six hellbenders had oral and six other individuals had cloacal swabs taken for aerobic culture. Fifty-five bacterial isolates were obtained (24 cloacal, 31 oral) with 10/12 (83%) individuals growing three or more different isolates and 11/12 (92%) growing Shewanella putrefaciens. Twelve isolates had susceptibility testing performed and all were susceptible to ceftazidime. These results indicate that ceftazidime is an appropriate choice of antibiotic in hellbenders and when given at a dosage of 20 mg/kg subcutaneously, maintains concentrations above the MIC of susceptible bacteria for up to 5 days.Ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) is a third-generation, oil-based, cephalosporin antimicrobial marketed as a once weekly treatment in cattle and swine, and as a two-time dose with 10-day duration in horses. Because handling and restraint times can be reduced, long-acting antibiotic preparations are particularly useful for treatment of nondomestic species. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of CCFA in ringneck doves (Streptopelia risoria). A single intramuscular (IM) injection of CCFA at 50 mg/kg was administered to each of 30 doves, and blood was collected from subsamples of 6 birds at predetermined sampling times (i.e., with a postinjection range of 0.5 to 192 hr). All ringneck doves were scheduled for euthanasia because of reasons unrelated to the study; this was performed at the conclusion of the study; and complete postmortem and histopathologic examinations were performed. Plasma concentrations of CCFA remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration (1.0 µg/ml; observed for most avian pathogenic bacteria) for 108 hr. No abnormalities were identified on individual birds before and after clinical pathology results (i.e., hematocrits and plasma biochemistry profiles), and only minimal gross and histopathologic changes such as mild tissue inflammation at the injection site were observed. Based on these results, one IM injection of CCFA at 50 mg/kg seems to be a potential option for treatment of ringneck doves.Primaquine is an 8-aminoquinolone drug commonly used for the chemoprophylaxis and treatment of avian malarial infections in managed penguin populations worldwide. Little is known about its pharmacokinetic properties in avian species. The objective of this study was to describe the disposition of primaquine phosphate after a single oral dose in 15 healthy African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). A single tablet containing 26.3 mg of primaquine phosphate (equivalent to 15 mg primaquine base) was administered orally to each bird in a herring fish. Blood samples were collected prior to drug administration and at predetermined timepoints through 144 hr postadministration. Plasma was analyzed for drug concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Mean maximum plasma concentration of primaquine phosphate was 277 ± 96 ng/ml at approximately 3.1 hr following oral administration. The mean disappearance half-life was 3.6 ± 1.6 hr. Plasma concentrations were below detectable limits in all but one penguin by 36 hr. A single oral administration of 26.3 mg of primaquine phosphate in African penguins resulted in a pharmacokinetic profile comparable to those attained in human studies. These results suggest that a dosing interval similar to human regimens may be of potential use in the prevention and treatment of avian malaria in penguins. Additional clinical studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of this regimen.Diagnosis of foot disease in elephants is challenging. Owing to their large size, the available diagnostic tools and the expense of imaging are diagnostically limiting. Stereoradiography is the preparation of paired radiographs that form a three-dimensional (3D) image when viewed stereoscopically. Clinicians and veterinary students graded osteoarthritis in the feet of African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants taken postmortem with standard 2D radiographs, as well as 3D stereoradiographs. These gradings were compared with the actual gross pathology identified in the specimens. Although veterinary students diagnoses were no better than chance from 2D radiographs, 83.6% of the students could correctly differentiate severity between joints on stereoradiography; this is an absolute improvement of 30.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 19.6%-40.6%). Overall, participants were 27.4% (95% CI = 18.4%-36.3%) more successful at diagnosing pathology on stereoradiographs. Half of participants were shown standard 2D radiographs first, the others stereoradiographs first, but the difference in gradings between the two groups was not statistically significant.