Christoffersenjarvis9589

were prescribed judiciously.Neural probes for intracortical neuromodulation in the brain have advanced with the developments in micro- and nanofabrication technologies. Most of these technologies for the intracortical stimulation have relied on the direct electrical stimulation via electrodes or arrays of electrodes. Generating electric fields using time-varying magnetic fields is a more recent neuromodulation technique that has proven to be more specifically effective for the intracortical stimulation. Additionally, current-actuated coils require no conductive contact with tissues and enable precise tailoring of magnetic fields, which are unaffected by the non-magnetic nature of the biological tissue and encapsulation layers. The material and design parameter space for such micro-coil fabrication can be optimized and tailored to deliver the ideal performance depending on the parameters needed for operation. In this work, we review the key requirements for implantable microcoils including the probe structure and material properties and discuss their characteristics and related challenges for the applications in intracortical neuromodulation.

In survivors of Ebola virus disease (EVD), intraocular viral persistence raises questions about the timing and safety of cataract surgery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first controlled study evaluating Ebola virus persistence and cataract surgery safety and outcomes in EVD survivors.

Seropositive EVD survivors and seronegative controls with vision worse than 20/40 from cataract and without active intraocular inflammation were enrolled. Aqueous humor from survivors was tested with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for Ebola viral RNA. Participants underwent manual small-incision cataract surgery and 1 year of follow-up examinations.

Twenty-two eyes of 22 survivors and 12 eyes of eight controls underwent cataract surgery. All of the aqueous samples tested negative for Ebola viral RNA. Median visual acuity improved from 20/200 at baseline to 20/25 at 1 year in survivors and from count fingers to 20/50 in controls (overall,

< 0.001; between groups,

= 0.07). After a 1-month course of topical corticosteroids, 55% of survivors and 67% of controls demonstrated at least 1+ anterior chamber cell. Twelve months after surgery, optical coherence tomography revealed a median increase in macular central subfield thickness of 42 µm compared with baseline (overall,

= 0.029; between groups,

= 0.995).

EVD survivors and controls demonstrated significant visual improvement from cataract surgery. The persistence of intraocular inflammation highlights the importance of follow-up. The absence of detectable intraocular Ebola viral RNA provides guidance regarding the safety of eye surgery in Ebola survivors.

These findings demonstrate the safety and efficacy of cataract surgery in Ebola survivors and will inform ocular surgery guidelines in this population.

These findings demonstrate the safety and efficacy of cataract surgery in Ebola survivors and will inform ocular surgery guidelines in this population.

Timely detection of hazards is a key driving skill; however, the hazard perception of drivers with eye disease and related visual changes and the visual predictors of hazard perception are poorly understood.

Participants included drivers aged 65 years and older with a range of eye diseases, including cataract, age-related maculopathy (AMD), and glaucoma (

= 99; mean age, 75.4 ± 6.4 years) and controls (

= 118; mean age, 72.2 ± 5.5 years). Visual performance was assessed using clinical measures (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual fields) and non-clinical measures (useful field of view, motion sensitivity). Participants completed a computer-based hazard perception test (HPT) that has been related to driving performance and crash risk.

Participants with eye disease exhibited a 0.73-second delay in HPT response times compared to controls (6.61 ± 1.62 seconds vs. 5.88 ± 1.38 seconds; age-adjusted

= 0.012). Participants with glaucoma exhibited significantly delayed responses compared to those with AMD (

= 0.038) and controls (

= 0.004). Poorer motion sensitivity (standardized β = 0.27;

< 0.001), visual acuity (β = 0.21;

= 0.002), and better-eye mean defect (β = -0.17;

= 0.009) were most strongly associated with delayed HPT responses. Motion sensitivity remained significantly associated with HPT responses, adjusted for visual acuity and visual fields.

HPT responses of older drivers with eye disease were delayed compared to controls and translate to an estimated 16-meter longer stopping distance when traveling at 80 km/hr. Decreased motion sensitivity was most strongly associated with delayed HPT responses.

HPT tests can provide insight into difficulties regarding road hazard detection of older drivers with eye disease and provide a potential avenue for interventions to improve road safety.

HPT tests can provide insight into difficulties regarding road hazard detection of older drivers with eye disease and provide a potential avenue for interventions to improve road safety.

To determine the fidelity of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) techniques by direct comparison of the retinal capillary network images obtained from the same region as imaged by OCTA and high-resolution confocal microscope.

Ten porcine eyes were perfused with red blood cells for OCTA image acquisition from the area centralis and then perfusion-fixed, and the vessels were labeled for confocal imaging. Two approaches involving post-processing of two-dimensional projection images and vessel tracking on three dimensional image stacks were used to obtain quantitative measurements. Data collected include vessel density, length of visible vessel track, count of visible branch points, vessel track depth, vessel diameter, angle of vessel descent, and angle of dive for comparison and analysis.

Comparing vascular images acquired from OCTA and confocal microscopy, we found (1) a good representation of the larger caliber retinal vessels, (2) an underrepresentation of retinal microvessels smaller than 10 µm and branch points in all four retinal vascular plexuses, particularly the intermediate capillary plexus, (3) reduced visibility associated with an increase in the angle of descent, (4) a tendency to loss visibility of vessel track at a branch point or during a sharp dive, and (5) a reduction in visibility with increase in retinal depth on OCTA images.

Current OCTA techniques can visualize the retinal capillary network, but some types of capillaries cannot be detected by OCTA, particularly in the middle to deeper layers.

The information indicates the limitation in clinical use and scopes for improvement in the current OCTA technologies.

The information indicates the limitation in clinical use and scopes for improvement in the current OCTA technologies.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1167/tvst.9.13.2.].

To test the effect of different dark adaptation conditions and reliability indices on the variability of two color scotopic microperimetry.

We analyzed data from 22 consecutive visually healthy adults. Scotopic microperimetry was performed (Macular Integrity Assessment microperimeter, CenterVue, Padua, Italy) with two wavelength stimuli, cyan (505 nm) and red (627 nm), after a dark adaptation time of 10, 20, or 30minutes. All tests were repeated twice to measure test-retest variability with Bland-Altman plots. We also provide a method to more accurately quantify the false-positive (FP) responses based on response data (button pressing) from the device, similar to FP responses used in standard static perimetry. SBI-0206965 concentration Data on fixation stability (95% bivariate contour ellipse area) and blind spot responses were also extracted. Their relationship with measured sensitivity (in decibels) and test-retest variability was quantified through linear mixed effect models.

Dark adaptation had a significant effect on the sensitivity (dB) measured with the cyan stimulus (

< 0.001), but no effect on the red stimulus. Of the three metrics, the novel FP responses showed the best association with test-retest variability and was the only predictor consistently significant for all tests (

< 0.01).

Dark adaptation protocols should be carefully standardized for scotopic testing, especially if a cyan stimulus is used. The proposed FP responses should be used to assess reliability of microperimetry examinations instead of other metrics.

We developed a method to calculate a more accurate estimate of the FP responses using data available to all researchers, generalizable to all Macular Integrity Assessment microperimeter tests.

We developed a method to calculate a more accurate estimate of the FP responses using data available to all researchers, generalizable to all Macular Integrity Assessment microperimeter tests.

To evaluate the accuracy and reliability of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based techniques to assess the integrity of the visual field (VF).

We combined 3T fMRI and neurocomputational models, that is, conventional population receptive field (pRF) mapping and a new advanced pRF framework "microprobing" (MP), to reconstruct the VF representations of different cortical areas. To demonstrate their scope, both approaches were applied in healthy participants with simulated scotomas and participants with glaucoma. For the latter group we compared the VFs obtained with standard automated perimetry (SAP) and via fMRI.

Using SS, we found that the fMRI-based techniques can detect absolute defects in VFs that are larger than 3°, in single participants, based on 12 minutes of fMRI scan time. Moreover, we found that the MP approach results in a less biased estimation of the preserved VF. In participants with glaucoma, we found that fMRI-based VF reconstruction detected VF defects with a correspondence to SAP that was decent, reflected by the positive correlation between fMRI-based sampling density and SAP-based contrast sensitivity loss (SAP)



= 0.44,

= 0.0002. This correlation was higher for MP compared to that for the conventional pRF analysis.

The fMRI-based reconstruction of the VF enables the evaluation of vision loss and provides useful details on the properties of the visual cortex.

The fMRI-based VF reconstruction provides an objective alternative to detect VF defects. It may either complement SAP or could provide VF information in patients unable to perform SAP.

The fMRI-based VF reconstruction provides an objective alternative to detect VF defects. It may either complement SAP or could provide VF information in patients unable to perform SAP.

The communication process of preparing patients and families facing progressive neurodegenerative diseases for future illness has not been empirically elucidated; the goal of this qualitative study was to explore neurology interdisciplinary health professionals' communication experiences, including current approaches, facilitators, and challenges.

Three focus groups were conducted with 22 clinicians representing a range of health professions from several multidisciplinary neurology outpatient clinics at a large academic medical center. A thematic analysis approach was used to develop a coding structure and identify overarching themes.

Neurology clinicians highlighted that in their practice, (1) conversations are triggered by acute events and practical needs; (2) conversations occur routinely but are rarely documented; (3) loss of patient capacity and resultant surrogate decision-making can be ethically fraught, especially in times of family conflict; (4) prognostic uncertainty, unfamiliarity with disease trajectories, and patient or surrogate avoidance pose communication challenges; and (5) generalist- and specialty-level palliative care roles should be better defined.