Christiesharp3388

More OTUs were affected by long-term GR exposure. These differences resulted from both distinct physicochemical properties of various CNMs and their exposure durations.

Vaccines to prevent meningococcal meningitis in the African meningitis belt include PsACWY, a polysaccharide-only vaccine; and PsA-TT, a polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine. learn more Protein-energy undernutrition, a condition where children do not receive enough macro- or micronutrients, is related to increased risk of infectious diseases and poor immune function. Reduced immune function could affect vaccine immunogenicity. We investigated connections between protein-energy undernutrition and vaccine immunogenicity and antibody waning to PsACWY and PsA-TT in children in the African meningitis belt.

This is a secondary analysis of data collected as part of four clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of PsA-TT in children in Mali, Ghana, and Senegal. We identified whether anthropometric growth indices (low height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age Z-score categories) were related to reduced vaccine-elicited antibody (measured with rabbit complement) from pre- to 1month post-vaccination, in lof antibody waning over a period of several years is associated with protein-energy undernutrition.

Our analysis did not find protein-energy undernutrition to be associated with immunogenicity or waning of PsACWY- or PsA-TT-elicited antibody in children living in the African meningitis belt. Future studies should consider measuring antibody titers at additional time points post-vaccination, and for longer periods of time, to determine if the rate of antibody waning over a period of several years is associated with protein-energy undernutrition.Development of multivalent hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) vaccines against enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and several non-EV-A71 enteroviruses is needed for this life-threatening disease with a huge economic burden in Asia-Pacific countries. Comprehensive studies on the molecular epidemiology and genetic and antigenic characterization of major causative enteroviruses will provide information for rational vaccine design. Compared with molecular studies on EV-A71, that for non-EV-A71 enteroviruses remain few and limited in Vietnam. Therefore, we conducted a 10-year study on the circulation and genetic characterization of coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and CV-A6 isolated from patients with HFMD in Northern Vietnam between 2008 and 2017. Enteroviruses were detected in 2228 of 3212 enrolled patients. Of the 42 serotypes assigned, 28.4% and 22.4% accounted for CV-A6 and CV-A16, being the second and the third dominant serotypes after EV-A71 (31.7%), respectively. The circulation of CV-A16 and CV-A6 showed a wide geographic distribution and distinct periodicity. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the majority of Vietnamese CV-A6 and CV-A16 strains were located within the largest sub-genotypes or sub-genogroups. These comprised strains isolated from patients with HFMD worldwide during the past decade and the Vietnamese strains have been evolving in a manner similar to the strains circulating worldwide. Amino acid sequences of the putative functional loops on VP1 and other VPs among Vietnamese CV-A6 and CV-A16 isolates were highly conserved. Moreover, the functional loop patterns of VP1 were similar to the dominant patterns found worldwide, except for the T164K substitution on the EF loop in Vietnamese CV-A16. The findings suggest that the development of a universal HFMD vaccine, at least in Vietnam, must target CV-A6 and CV-A16 as two of the three major HFMD-causing serotypes. Vietnamese isolates or their genome sequences can be considered for rational vaccine design.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Chinese women. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have not yet been introduced in the Chinese national immunization program, and people vaccinate voluntarily at their own expense. Therefore, it is important to study the factors that could impact parents' decisions for HPV vaccination.

To quantify parental preferences regarding HPVvaccination for junior middle school-aged girls.

A discrete choice experiment (DCE) survey was conducted to assess parents' preferences for HPV vaccines. Data were collected from parents of girls aged 12-16years in 11 middle schools of Shandong Province. We evaluated preferences for five attributes of HPV vaccination (vaccine effectiveness, protection duration, risk of side effects, cost, and vaccination location). Conditional logit regressions were adopted for analyses.

995 parents completed valid DCE questions. All attributes influenced parents' willingness to vaccinate. Comparatively highly educated parents preferred mornformation about HPV vaccines would help parents make informed decisions. The findings can also assist agencies responsible for HPV vaccination implementation and cervical cancer prevention in China in decisions regarding vaccination financing and vaccine approval.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are related to long-term negative outcomes. The impact of these experiences on healthcare utilization in children has been understudied.

To examine the impact of ACEs on children's healthcare utilization, medical diagnoses, and pharmacological treatment.

Children aged 6 months to 17 years who were screened for ACEs in the Behavioral Health Department or in primary care locations as part of an initial consultation visit and who had at least one subsequent healthcare visit during the study period were included in the study.

Adverse childhood experiences were measured using the ACE screening questionnaire designed by Felitti et al. (1998). Data from the year following administration of the ACE screening tool were retrospectively extracted from the electronic health record.

Overall, 1,183 children met study inclusion criteria. Children with any reported ACEs were more likely to no show appointments (1-3 ACEs incidence rate ratio (IRR) [95 % confidence interval (CI)] 1.40 [1.11-1.77]; 4+ ACEs IRR [95 % CI] 1.41 [1.08-1.84]) and to use emergency services (1-3 ACEs IRR [95 % CI] 1.24 [1.00-1.53]; 4+ ACEs IRR [95 % CI] 1.42 [1.11-1.81) than children with no ACEs. Those with 4+ ACEs used the telephone nurse advisor less frequently (1-3 ACEs IRR [95 % CI] 0.67 [0.53-0.84]; 4+ ACEs IRR [95 % CI] 0.69 [0.53-0.90]). Although ACE scores were associated with healthcare utilization, insurance status was more robustly associated with healthcare utilization than ACE score.

Healthcare systems may employ results from this study to adopt trauma-informed care initiatives. Ensuring that all patients have insurance may be a first step toward improving healthcare utilization.

Healthcare systems may employ results from this study to adopt trauma-informed care initiatives. Ensuring that all patients have insurance may be a first step toward improving healthcare utilization.