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As the AL increased, the WTW distance initially increased, reached a peak in the group with ALs of 24.5 to 26 mm, and then slowly decreased. However, all of the myopic eyes (AL > 24.5 mm) still had larger WTWs than the normal and short eyes (AL ≤ 24.5 mm).

In Chinese cataractous eyes, the WTW distance was larger in younger male patients with flatter corneas, deeper anterior chambers, thicker lenses, and thinner central corneas. The association between WTW distance and AL was not linear, and WTW distance was the largest in eyes with ALs of 24.5 to 26 mm.

In Chinese cataractous eyes, the WTW distance was larger in younger male patients with flatter corneas, deeper anterior chambers, thicker lenses, and thinner central corneas. The association between WTW distance and AL was not linear, and WTW distance was the largest in eyes with ALs of 24.5 to 26 mm.

The most common form of strabismus, intermittent exotropia, is thought to become manifest when the drive to fuse is overcome by excessive divergent muscle tone. This principle is tested by examining the alignment of the eyes in the absence of vision. We compare the ocular deviation in patients with intermittent exotropia under conditions of monocular versus binocular occlusion.

This prospective study of a patient cohort referred to our laboratory enrolled 18 patients with typical findings of well-controlled intermittent exotropia. Eye positions were recorded with video eye trackers while patients looked at a fixation spot at a distance of 57 cm. One eye was occluded, and the resulting ocular deviation was measured. Both eyes were then occluded, and the ocular deviation was re-measured.

The majority of patients (11/18) had a smaller deviation when both eyes were covered. Occlusion of one eye resulted in a mean exotropia of 13.5° ± 4.7°. Occlusion of both eyes reduced the mean exotropia to 6.0° ± 6.5° (paired t-test, P < 0.001), corresponding to a 56% reduction in the ocular deviation. This reduction persisted during prolonged bilateral occlusion but reversed as soon as vision was restored.

Bilateral occlusion reveals a fixation-free state of alignment that is different from orthotropia and usually less than the exotropia that occurs spontaneously during binocular viewing. This finding demonstrates that the deviation angle in patients with intermittent exotropia is actively mediated by visual feedback, which the fixating eye is capable of providing alone.

Bilateral occlusion reveals a fixation-free state of alignment that is different from orthotropia and usually less than the exotropia that occurs spontaneously during binocular viewing. This finding demonstrates that the deviation angle in patients with intermittent exotropia is actively mediated by visual feedback, which the fixating eye is capable of providing alone.

Loss of ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and visual sensitivity in the macula region are known to occur at all stages of glaucoma. While both are dependent on the underlying retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the relationship between structure and function is modest. We hypothesize that the imprecise relationship is due to a lack of direct correspondence between in vivo measures and RGC counts, as well as the relatively large stimulus size used by standard perimetry, which exceeds spatial summation.

The relationship between optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived GCIPL thickness and corresponding inner cell density from retinal flat mounts was determined for four nonhuman primates with varying stages of neuropathy. Normative data for 10-2 threshold using Goldman size I to V stimuli were established for 10 animals, 4 of which were then followed longitudinally with OCT and perimetry. The relationship between GCIPL volume, which incorporated stimulus size after removal of residual thickness, and differential light sensitivity was determined for both experimental glaucoma and healthy eyes.

Peak inner retinal cell density was 63,052 ± 9238 cells/mm2 in the healthy eye. Cell density was related to both GCIPL thickness and eccentricity (R2 = 0.74, P < .01). For all 10-2 eccentricities, size III stimuli were greater than the critical area (P < 0.01). Based on the structural and histologic relationship, the critical area corresponds to approximately 156 RGCs.

The relationship between cell density and GCIPL thickness is dependent on retinal eccentricity. For 10-2 perimetry, perimetric loss, especially at earlier stages of neuropathy, may best be detected using size II or smaller stimuli.

The relationship between cell density and GCIPL thickness is dependent on retinal eccentricity. For 10-2 perimetry, perimetric loss, especially at earlier stages of neuropathy, may best be detected using size II or smaller stimuli.

Endophthalmitis models have reported the virulent role of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) secreted by Staphylococcus aureus on the retina. PVL targets retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), expressing PVL membrane receptor C5aR. CFT8634 datasheet Interactions between PVL and retinal cells lead to glial activation, retinal inflammation, and apoptosis. In this study, we explored oxidative stress and retinal neurotransmitters in a rabbit retinal explant model incubated with PVL.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in RGCs has been assessed with fluorescent probes and immunohistochemistry. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy quantified retinal concentrations of antioxidant molecules and neurotransmitters, and concentrations of neurotransmitters released in the culture medium. Quantifying the expression of some pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors was performed using RT-qPCR.

PVL induced a mitochondrial ROS production in RGCs after four hours' incubation with the toxin. Enzymatic sources of ROS, involving nrogenic inflammation in the retina.

To define the temporal relationship of vascular versus neuronal abnormalities in radiation retinopathy.

Twenty-five patients with uveal melanoma treated with brachytherapy and sixteen controls were tested. Functional outcome measures included visual acuity and threshold perimetry (HVF 10-2), while structural outcomes included retinal thickness by OCT and vascular measures by OCT angiography and digital fundus photography. The degree of structural abnormality was determined by intereye asymmetry compared with normal subject asymmetry. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of each measure were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. The relationships between the outcome measures were quantified by Spearman correlation. The effect of time from brachytherapy on visual function, retinal layer thickness, and capillary density was also determined.

Within the first 2 years of brachytherapy, outcome measures revealed visual field loss and microvascular abnormalities in 38% and 31% of subjects, respectively.