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dren's participation pattern. To enhance children's participation, we suggest therapists to support children's behaviors, family relationships and involvement in community activities and optimize physical function of children with limitations in self-mobility.Objectives Dietary phenylalanine restriction is the main treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600). There are a number of studies which have demonstrated growth retardation in these patients, and some are in contrast. This study was performed to assess the growth parameters of treated PKU patients. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was performed between 2015 and 2017 to compare growth indices in PKU patients in our clinics with normal age and sex matched controls. Weight, height, head circumference (HC), weight for height and BMI (weight/height2) were measured and converted into Z-scores. We assessed differences between patients and controls' anthropometric indexes in all patients and separately in patients who were diagnosed by newborn screening program and patients who were diagnosed after presentation of clinical manifestations in comparison with age and sex-matched controls. Also, this difference was assessed separately in patients aged two years and less. Correlations between pretreatmin patients, while BMI SDS, weight SDS, and weight for height SDS were significantly higher in PKU patients in comparison with the control group when patients who were diagnosed in newborn screening were assessed. Head circumference SDS, BMI, height SDS and difference between patients' height SDS and mid parental height SDS had significantly lower mean scores in comparison with those of the control group, while mean weight SDS was significantly higher compared to controls when patients who were diagnosed after clinical presentation were assessed. Mean phenylalanine was not correlated with anthropometric indices, while there was a correlation between pretreatment phenylalanine and HC. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate supplier Conclusion Disparities in anthropometric indexes changes observed in different studies may be due to diverse diet protocols, availability of various specific products and micronutrient substitutes.Objectives Infantile spasms can have irrecoverable adverse effects on a child's brain. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is the most common first-line medication for the treatment of infantile spasms. However, the suitable dose and duration of treatment continue to be debated among specialists. Since high doses of ACTH, which are commonly used, can produce more side effects, lower doses are preferred. The aim of this study was to determine the effect and extent of complications caused by high and low doses of ACTH in children with infantile spasms. Materials & Methods This clinical trial was performed on 32 infants with infantile spasms, aged 1.5-18 months. The subjects were divided into high- and low-dose ACTH groups. Treatment continued for two months. The therapeutic effects and complications were then compared over 18 months. Results The results indicated no significant difference between the groups in terms of the short-term prognosis of convulsions, final prognosis of patients with spasm relapse, EEG changes after treatment, and post-treatment development of hypertension. On the other hand, there was a significant difference in the frequency distribution of restlessness intensity and becoming Cushingoid, which were more frequent in the high-dose group. Conclusion The results indicated that high- and low-dose ACTH are equally effective in controlling spasms, yet the low dose causes fewer side effects.Objectives The aim of this study protocol is to systematically review the literature to examine the effects of developmental care on preterm infants' neurodevelopment in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Materials & Methods Studies will be retrieved through searching the following databases Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL (EBSCO), and Scopus. Randomized controlled trials will be included with randomization at either individual or cluster level. The primary outcome will be to evaluate the effect of developmental care on the mental and motor development of NICU neonates. The secondary outcome will be neonatal weight gain and length of stay during NICU hospitalization. The assessment tool for the development should be the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, in any of the first, second and third editions. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) will be employed to identify relevant artiche Cochrane handbook will be used in this statistical analysis. The significance level will be 0.05.Background Fatigue, sleep disturbance and altered mood are frequently reported in patients with primary antibody deficiency syndrome (PADS) on adequate immunoglobulin replacement therapy. This study aimed to determine the frequency of symptoms compatible with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in patients with PADS. Methods The study involved the distribution of 682 self-completed postal questionnaires to ascertain the presence and frequency of symptoms compatible with CFS in patients with PADS. The reporting of symptoms for each patient were scored against the CFS diagnostic criteria used within our own South London Chronic Fatigue service. Results The frequency of symptoms compatible with CFS were evident in 26 of the 188 patients (16.25%) returning adequately completed questionnaires. We considered a bias in the return of questionnaires amongst PADS patients with fatigue to be likely. As such we estimated the minimum frequency of CFS in patients with PADS to be 4% based on the 682 PAD patients to whom the questionnaire was distributed. This was significantly higher than the 0.5% estimate of the prevalence of CFS in the community in western populations. While the presence of significant fatigue correlated with the presence of anxiety and depression, there was no association with self-reported lung damage. Sleep disturbance affected 60% of the PAD patients returning satisfactory questionnaires and as expected the CFS score was higher in those with greater physical limitation. Conclusions We conclude that patients with PADS have a high frequency of fatigue, low mood and anxiety. We suggest routine questioning for the symptoms of fatigue, disturbed sleep and altered mood in patients with PADS. The use of several treatment strategies in CFS may prove beneficial in improving the quality of life of patients with PAD. © The Author(s) 2020.