Castanedabentsen1571

Our results, therefore, confirmed that long-term exposure to NOR can induce carp liver toxicity at histological, biochemical, and transcriptional levels and provided the latest data and theoretical basis for the toxicology study of quinolones in the natural environment.The activation of persulfate by ferrous iron (Fe(II)) is of great interest to the environmental remediation community, but the reduction of ferric iron (Fe(III)) to Fe(II) is slow and the accumulation of iron sludge resulted from the precipitation of Fe(III) is a great concern. Here, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was studied as a co-catalyst to improve the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by Fe(III) for sulfadiazine (SDZ) degradation and different characterization technologies were used to reveal the reactive species. The results showed that a strong synergy existed between MoS2 and Fe(III); approximately 94.3% of the SDZ was removed by MoS2-Fe(III)-PMS after reaction for 30 min, while only 8.5% and 56.4% of the SDZ was removed by Fe(III)-PMS and MoS2-PMS, respectively. Both hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals were generated and the latter was the primary species. In addition to the radicals, singlet oxygen was found to be generated and contributed to the degradation of SDZ. The chemical probe reaction with methyl phenyl sulfoxide showed that the generation of high-valent iron-oxo species was not obvious by MoS2-Fe(III)-PMS under both acidic and neutral conditions. MoS2 had good stability. No noticeable deactivation was observed during the 1st to 5th run and no obvious oxidation of surface Mo(IV) occurred. Based on the characterization of catalyst and oxidizing species, a mechanism for the activation of PMS by MoS2-Fe(III) was proposed. The results from this study are expected to clarify the reactive species and deepen the understanding of MoS2-promoted persulfate activation by Fe(II)/Fe(III).Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic nonessential metal that poses a health risk for humans. Cd is easily accumulated in leaf vegetables than in other vegetables. Leafy vegetables are one of the major dietary Cd sources for the human body. In this study, pak choi was used as our experimental material as it is an important leafy vegetable, especially in Asia. A NRAMP transporter - BcNRAMP1 was identified in pak choi, which is involved in manganese (Mn) and Cd uptake in yeast and in planta. BcNRAMP1 is expressed in the whole plant body of pak choi, with a higher abundance in root tissues than in shoots. Mn deficiency and Cd exposure strongly induced BcNRAMP1 transcription levels. Through transient expression of BcNRAMP1-GFP fusion protein in tobacco leaf epidermal cells, BcNRAMP1 was revealed as a plasma membrane protein. Expressing BcNRAMP1 in yeast enhanced yeast cells to absorb Mn, Cd, and iron (Fe). Overexpression of BcNRAMP1 in Arabidopsis wild-type and nramp1 mutant increased and complemented Mn and Cd transportation and accumulation, respectively. Using noninvasive microelectrode ion flux measurements, a direct evidence that BcNRAMP1 acts on Cd influx in Arabidopsis root cells was provided. Mitoquinone datasheet The results of this study reveal that BcNRAMP1 functions as a NRAMP protein in planta, absorbing nutrient metal Mn and the toxic metal Cd.The components and characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the main precursor of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs), have attracted increasing attention in water sources. In this study, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) coupled with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis was used to investigate the DOM fluorescence characteristics of river water along the Huangpu River, China. Four fluorescence components were identified, including two protein-like components (C1 and C2) and two humic-like components (C3 and C4). The fluorescence characteristics showed spatial and temporal variations with the highest total fluorescence intensities observed in autumn, and the increased relative abundance of humic-like substance in the metropolitan area of Shanghai. Fluorescence index and biological index indicated that the DOM of Huangpu River water had both terrestrial and microbial origins and mainly autochthonous characteristic. Moreover, the formation potentials (FPs) of DBP for Huangpu River water were determined, and trihalomethanes were the predominant species formed in all samples. The correlation analysis further showed that PARAFAC C4 (microbial humic-like fluorescence) significantly correlated with the FP of N-DBPs, providing an insight for drinking water treatment to control specific DBPs precursor. In addition, the humic-like components also correlated with the concentrations of triazole and organophosphate pesticides detected in the Huangpu River. These results indicated that fluorescence-PARAFAC analysis is a promising tool to assess the DBPFPs and pesticide occurrence in surface waters.In this study, surface sediment samples from 173 black-odorous urban rivers in 74 cities of China were investigated regarding the occurrence, spatial distribution, and ecological risk of legacy phthalates (LPs) and alternative plasticizers (APs). The total concentrations of Σ7LPs and Σ6APs ranged from 0.0035 to 522 μg/g dw (median 33 μg/g dw; mean 60 μg/g dw) and from 0.0015 to 16 μg/g dw (median 16 μg/g dw; mean 2.2 μg/g dw), respectively. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP) were the dominant LPs, and di-iso-decyl phthalate and di-iso-nonylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate were the dominant APs. The concentrations and compositions of the LPs and APs varied among different sites and regions, implying location-specific use or production of LPs and APs. The pollutant concentrations in southern and central China were higher than those in northern China. Among the seven regions, Northwest China had the lowest concentrations of LPs and APs. This could be related to industry development level, municipal facilities, and population density. Total organic carbon (TOC) was significantly and positively correlated with the pollutant concentrations, implying that TOC could be an important influencing factor for the distribution of LPs and APs in sediments. The risk quotients of DiBP and DnBP in almost all sediment samples were above 1, indicating the high ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, DEHP, di-methyl phthalate, di-ethyl phthalate, and di-n-octyl phthalate showed low or moderate ecological risks for most sampling sites.