Carltonwoodward9266

Shade cultivation is a traditional Japanese tea cultivation method in which the shoot buds are shaded for several weeks. selleck kinase inhibitor This technique is increasingly used for green tea production because it produces tea of high quality (as indicated by umami and nutritional content) and commands high prices. However, given that shaded tea plants are grown under low-light stress, concerns exist regarding damage to tea plants caused by repeated shade cultivation. To understand basic physiological responses and accumulative changes in photosynthetic ability and metabolites of tea plants subjected to repeated shading, we performed a pot experiment on immature tea plants grown in a growth chamber subjected to repeated shading treatments. The results demonstrated that shade cultivation caused a decrease in non-structural carbohydrate content and an increase of several degrees in leaf surface temperature, reflecting transpiration through the leaf stomata, as a result of a reduction in photosynthetic ability. An increase of several degrees in canopy temperature and a reduction in photosynthetic ability in the field in the mid-summer season was also observed in overstressed tea plants subjected to repeated shading. Metabolomic analysis identified several candidate biomarkers, such as citrulline and glycine betaine, that were significantly changed in individuals affected by shade cultivation. These physiological changes may be an indicator of the stress status of tea plants grown under repeated shade cultivation.Non-structural carbohydrates are abundant constituents of the ripe flesh of all stone fruits. The bulk of their content comprises sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol. However, the abundance of each of these carbohydrates in the flesh differs between species, and also with its stage of development. In this article the import, subcellular compartmentation, contents, metabolism and functions of non-structural carbohydrates in the flesh of commercially cultivated stone fruits of the family Rosaceae are reviewed.Temperature is considered one of the critical factors directly influencing grapevine during the three primary growth and development stages sprout, flowering, and fruit-coloring, which is strongly correlated to the yield and quality of the grape. The grapevine is frequently exposed to high-temperature conditions that are detrimental to growth. However, the mechanisms of the heat stress response and adaptation in grapevine are not adequately studied. The Arabidopsis copine gene AtBON1 encodes a highly conserved protein containing two C2 domains at the amino terminus, participation in cell death regulation and defense responses. Previously, we showed that a BON1 association protein from the grapevine, VvBAP1, plays a positive role in cold tolerance. Similarly, the involvement of VvBAP1 in the resistance to heat stress was also found in the present study. The results indicated VvBAP1 was significantly induced by high temperature, and the elevated expression of VvBAP1 was significantly higher in the resistant cultivars than the sensitive cultivars under heat stress. Seed germination and phenotypic analysis results indicated that overexpression of VvBAP1 improved Arabidopsis thermoresistance. Compared with the wild type, the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate in VvBAP1 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants were markedly increased under heat stress. At high temperatures, overexpression of VvBAP1 also enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity as well as their corresponding gene transcription levels, to reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Besides, the transcriptional activities of HSP70, HSP101, HSFA2, and HSFB1 in VvBAP1 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants were significantly up-regulated compare to the wild type. In summary, we propose that VvBAP1 may play a potential important role in enhanced grapevine thermoresistance, primarily through the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity and promoted heat stress response genes expression.Agave sensu lato is one of the most diverse and complex genera of Asparagaceae, with more than 250 species. The morphological, ecological, and evolutionary diversity of the group has complicated its taxonomical study. We conducted phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the Agave genus. We included 107 species of the Asparagaceae family from which 83 correspond to the Agave sensu lato clade (Agave sensu stricto + Polianthes + Manfreda and Prochnyanthes, which together represent 30% of the genus) and as outgroups the genera Dasylirion, Hesperoyucca, Chlorogalum, Camassia, Hesperaloe, Yucca, Beschorneria, and Furcraea, in order to estimate the age and propose the history of their diversification. Previous studies postulated the relevance of the Miocene in the speciation rates of the agaves, as well as the relevance of the type of inflorescence in its diversification. However, these assertions have not been well supported. The analysis of chloroplast regions repe in the Agave sensu stricto clade, the spike inflorescence character was predominant in the early-diverging groups, whereas the late-diverging groups present panicle inflorescences as the predominant character and higher speciation rates.Heterologous overexpression of Arabidopsis cellulase 1 (Atcel1) results in enhanced yield, early maturity, and increased biomass in dicotyledonous species like poplar and eucalyptus but has not been demonstrated in monocots. We produced transgenic Setaria viridis accession A10.1 plants overexpressing a monocotyledonous codon optimized (MCO) Atcel1. Agronomic characterization of the transgenic events showed that heterologous overexpression of MCOAtcel1 caused enhanced grain yield, shoot biomass, and accelerated maturation rate in the model grass species S. viridis under growth chamber conditions. The agronomic trait differences observed were consistent with previous reports in dicots but are here described in a monocot species and associated with increased seed yield. Overexpression of Atcel1 in S. viridis was shown to increase the number of panicles and seeds by 24-30%, enhance overall grain yield by up to 26%, and lead to a shoot dry biomass increase of 16-19%. Overexpression also reduced time to plant maturation and senescence by 12.