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32, 95%CI 1.08 to 10.20; P=0.036). There was no significant difference in complications or patient satisfaction. Conclusion In post-operative management of transtibial amputation, the use of RRD had a significantly shorter period to residual limb maturation when compared with EB group.Case-control study of ultrasound evaluation of acute median nerve response to upper-extremity circuit training in spinal cord injury. Individuals with Spinal cord injury (SCI) often present signs and symptoms of median nerve (MN) pathology. Pre-clinical signs identification of MN pathology might facilitate early intervention to prevent or delay CTS in SCI. Objective We assessed if ultrasound parameters changed in response to upper extremity (UE) circuit training exercise in individuals with paraplegia and able-bodied individuals. Design Case-Control Study. Participants Adults with paraplegia (N=16) and age/gender matched able-bodied controls (N=16). Intervention Circuit training exercise. Outcome measurements MN ultrasound evaluation at the pisiform and radius pre-post UE exercise. Ultrasound parameters included cross sectional area (CSA), and greyscale (GS). Data presented as mean (SD). Results Pre-exercise CSAs were larger in SCI at the radius (12.0(2.9) vs. 9.0(2.1), p=0.003), but not the pisiform (9.8(3.1) vs. 9.1(1.7), p=0.431). There were no statistical differences in MN response to exercise between groups (all p≥0.293). Across participants, CSA changes were inversely associated with their pre-exercise values at the pisiform (r=-0.648, p less then 0.001) and the radius (r=-0.366, p=0.043). Participants with pre-exercise CSA values ≥10.00 mm2 at the pisiform responded to exercise with decreases in CSA (Δ-2.0 (1.5), p=0.002) and GS (Δ-2.8 (6.2), p=0.029). Participants with pre-exercise CSA ≤9.99 mm2 at the pisiform responded to exercise with no change in CSA ((Δ0.7 (2.5), p=0.002) and increased GS (Δ3.2 (7.2), p=0.029). Conclusion CSA exercise response was more strongly related to pre-exercise MN values than presence or absence of SCI. Key words Median nerve, wheelchair, ultrasound, exercise, SCI, paraplegia.In this study, we quantitatively detected adsorption and desorption of DNA molecules that competed with sodium cholate (SC) molecules on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by fluorescence spectroscopy. In previous studies, competitive adsorption and/or replacement were studied based on techniques such as near-infrared (NIR) absorbance and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of SWNTs. In those studies, adsorption of organic molecules was detected as spectral changes in SWNTs, but not in organic molecules. In this study, we employed fluorescent-labeled DNA (Fc-DNA) to detect competitive adsorption through quenching of fluorescent dyes that were attached to DNA molecules. Through this approach, the adsorption behaviors of DNA molecules could be directly determined. Hence, we found that Fc-DNA molecules adsorbed on SWNT surfaces that were pre-wrapped with SC when the SC concentration was reduced. However, when SC concentrations recovered after three days of incubation, detachment of Fc-DNA molecules was observed. In addition, our method could be applied to evaluate the adsorption of fluorescent dyes on SWNT surfaces instead of DNA molecules. Hence, our method is effective in studying competitive adsorption of organic molecules on SWNT surfaces. The obtained information is complementary to that obtained from NIR spectroscopy of SWNTs.Methyl green (MG), a conventional, low-cost histological stain, was used to design a flow cytometric cell-cycle/DNA-ploidy assay. On fluorometry, MG absorbed maximally at 633-nm, showed negligible fluorescence in free-state, but emitted brightly when bound to DNA. Optimal dye and cell concentrations for staining and effects of time and photobleaching on stained cells were determined for a lyse-permeabilize-stain protocol. Linearity of DNA-binding, coefficients-of-variation of G0/G1-peaks and minimal carryover were confirmed. Assay results correlated highly with a propidium iodide-based kit in 29 acute lymphoblastic leukemia specimens. The MG-based DNA-ploidy assay represented an accurate and inexpensive alternative to conventional PI-based assays.Background Radial artery access has been shown to reduce mortality and bleeding events, especially in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Despite this, interventional cardiologists experienced in femoral artery access still prefer that route for percutaneous coronary intervention. Little is known regarding the merits of each vascular access in patients stratified by their risk of bleeding. Methods Patients from the Global Leaders trial were dichotomized into low or high risk of bleeding by the median of the PRECISE-DAPT score. Clinical outcomes were compared at 30 days. 4μ8C purchase Results In the overall population, there were no statistical differences between radial and femoral access in the rate of the primary end point, a composite of all-cause mortality, or new Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-1.15). Radial access was associated with a significantly lower rate of the secondary safety end point, Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) 3 or 5 bleeding (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.84). Compared by bleeding risk strata, in the high bleeding score population, the primary (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.26-0.85; P = 0.012; Pinteraction = 0.019) and secondary safety (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35-0.95; P = 0.030; Pinteraction = 0.631) end points favoured radial access. In the low bleeding score population, however, the differences in the primary and secondary safety end points between radial and femoral artery access were no longer statistically significant. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the outcomes of mortality or new Q-wave MI and BARC 3 or 5 bleeding favour radial access in patients with a high, but not those with a low, risk of bleeding. Because this was not a primary analysis, it should be considered hypothesis generating.Purpose Sublingual gland tumors are rare. We sought to define the general features of sublingual gland tumors for clinical reference. In addition, we evaluated whether it would be safe to speculate that ∼90% sublingual gland tumors will be malignant and that ∼90% of those malignant tumors will be adenoid cystic carcinoma. Materials and methods In the present study, we have reported data from a pleomorphic adenoma case of the sublingual gland and a case series of sublingual gland tumors. Global data of sublingual gland tumors were retrieved. The cases pathologically identified as either benign or malignant tumors of the sublingual gland were included. The demographic, pathologic, and treatment features were analyzed. Results Data from 1 recent case of pleomorphic adenoma of the sublingual gland and a 21-case series of sublingual gland tumors were retrieved. A total of 839 cases of sublingual gland tumors were analyzed in the present study. The most commonly encountered age group was 40 to 59 years (47.6%). Of the 367 patients with gender specified, 178 were men (48.