Cantuwright2971

Microalgal isolates obtained from stream water and wastewater treatment plant were examined to select a suitable microalgal species capable of simultaneously removing nutrient and producing biofuel. Ten isolates were identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing analysis and were determined to be green microalgae, belonging to phylum Chlorophyta. The highest nutrient removal rates of 8.1 mg-T-N/L-d and 1.6 mg-T-P/L-d were achieved by Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1810 under photo-autotrophic cultivation conditions. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition analysis was conducted to estimate biofuel quality using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry on the basis of the lipid content extracted from microalgal cell. The composition of FAME is mainly composed of palmitic acid (C160), stearic acid (C180), linoleic acid (C182), and heneicosanoic acid (C210). These results suggest that C. sorokiniana UTEX 1810 is a promising candidate for simultaneous removal of nutrient and biofuel production from wastewater.Background The process for leather material production is carried out in developing countries using a large amount of trivalent chromium [Cr(III)]. Assesment of health risks for millions of workers in tanneries worldwide that are highly polluted with Cr(III) is needed. Muvalaplin Methods Levels of total Cr and its chemical species in wastewater samples from tannery built-up areas of Bangladesh were investigated. Cr-mediated renal damage was assessed in 100 male tannery workers by epidemiological analysis consisting of questionnaires and measurements of levels of urinary Cr and urinary renal damage markers [urinary levels of total protein and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)]. Results High levels of total Cr (mean ± standard deviation = 1,908,762 ± 703,450 μg/L) were detected in wastewater samples from 13 sites of tanneries. More than 99.99% of total Cr in the wastewater was Cr(III), indicating that workers in the tanneries were exposed to large concentrations of Cr(III). Cr levels (mean ± standard, 2.89 ± 4.23 μg/g creatinine) in urine samples from the workers in tanneries were >24-fold higher than the levels in a general population previously reported. Multivariate analysis showed significant correlations between urinary levels of Cr and urinary levels of renal damage biomarkers. Nagelkerke Pseudo R2 values also showed that Cr level is the strongest contributor to the levels of renal damage biomarkers in the workers. Conclusion Our results newly suggest that excess exposure to Cr(III) could be a risk for renal damage in humans.Aluminum and mercury are environmentally ubiquitous. Individually they are both neurotoxic elements with shared neuro-pathogenic pathways oxidative stress, altered neurotransmission, and disruption of the neuroendocrine and immune systems. In the infant, Al and Hg differ in type of exposure, absorption, distribution (brain access), and metabolism. In environmentally associated exposure (breast milk and infant formulas) their co-occurrences fluctuate randomly, but in Thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs) they occur combined in a proprietary ratio; in these cases, low-doses of Thimerosal-ethylmercury (EtHg) and adjuvant-Al present the most widespread binary mixture in less developed countries. Although experimental studies at low doses of the binary Hg and Al mixture are rare, when studied individually they have been shown to affect neurological outcomes negatively. In invitro systems, comparative neurotoxicity between Al and Hg varies in relation to the measured parameters but seems less for Al than for Hg. While neurotoxicity of environmental Hg (mainly fish methyl-Hg, MeHg) is associated with neurobehavioral outcomes in children, environmental Al is not associated, except in certain clinical conditions. Therefore, the issues of their neurotoxic effects (singly or combined) are discussed. In the infant (up to six months) the organic-Hg and Al body burdens from a full TCV schedule are estimated to reach levels higher than that originating from breastfeeding or from high aluminum soy-based formulas. Despite worldwide exposure to both Al and Hg (inorganic Hg, MeHg, and Thimerosal/EtHg), our knowledge on this combined exposure is insufficient to predict their combined neurotoxic effects (and with other co-occurring neurotoxicants).Background context Studies have found that most patients are satisfied after spine surgery, with rates ranging from 53% to 90%. Patient satisfaction appears to be closely related to achieving clinical improvement in pain and disability after surgery. While the majority of the literature has focused on patients who report both satisfaction and clinical improvement in disability and pain, there remains an important sub-population of patients who have clinically relevant improvement but report being dissatisfied with surgery. Purpose To examine why patients who achieve clinical improvement in disability or pain also report dissatisfaction at 1-year after spinal surgery. Study design Retrospective analysis of prospective data from a national spine registry, the Quality Outcomes Database (QOD). Patient sample There were 32,076 participants undergoing elective surgery for degenerative spine pathology who had clinical improvement in disability or pain. Outcome measures Satisfaction with surgery was assessed with 1-ihe variance attributed to site than to surgeon. Conclusions Several modifiable factors, including psychological distress, current smoking status, and failure to return to work and physical activity, helped explain why patients report being dissatisfied with surgery despite clinical improvement in disability or pain. The findings of this study have the potential to help providers identify at-risk patients, set realistic expectations during preoperative counseling, and implement postoperative management strategies. A multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation that includes functional goal setting or restoration may help to improve patients psychological distress as well as return to work and previous physical activity after spine surgery.Background context Unintended dural tears (DTs) are common in spinal surgeries. Some authors have reported that the outcomes in lumbar surgery patients with DTs are equivalent to those in patients without DTs, but this remains uncertain. Purpose To assess the effect of unintended DTs on postoperative patient-reported outcomes. Study design/setting A multicenter retrospective observational study. Patient sample We enrolled patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery at eight hospitals between April 2017 and November 2018. Outcome measures We collected data regarding patients' backgrounds, operative factors, occurrence of unplanned DTs during surgery, postoperative complications, patient-reported outcomes, such as pain or dysesthesia of the lower back, buttock, leg, or plantar area, EuroQol 5 Dimension (EQ-5D), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, and postoperative satisfaction. Methods We divided the patients into a DT- group (without DTs) and a DT+ group (with DTs). First, multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to reveal risk factors for occurrence of DTs.