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We describe a combined technique of trocar-assisted sutureless scleral-fixated intraocular lens implantation and silicone oil injection at the same session. Two 3 mm scleral tunnels were created 2 mm away from and parallel to the limbus with the 23-gauge vitrectomy trocars entering the sclera transconjunctivally at an angle of approximately 10° at the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock meridians. After the 3-piece foldable IOL was delivered to the anterior chamber through the corneal incision, the tip of one of the IOL haptics was grasped with a 23-gauge serrated retinal forceps entered through the trocar located at the 3 o'clock meridian. Then the haptic was removed from the scleral tunnel together with the trocar out of the globe. The same procedure was applied to the other haptic. A transconjunctival secure 10-0 nylon suture was placed at the scleral tunnel entry site around the haptic. The ends of the haptics were cauterized to make a flange. The resultant flanges of the haptics were pushed back and fixed into the scleral tunnels. Perfluorooctane was taken out of the eye with vitreoretinal surgery and the silicone was injected into the eye to prevent hypotonia. No complications were seen intraoperatively or postoperatively. After 1-month follow-up period, IOL was seen stabilized. Pifithrin-μ research buy Copyright © 2020 Karadag et al.Objective To report a new technique for Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) in aphakic and vitrectomized eyes. Case description A 56-year-old man presented with corneal decompensation in the left eye after combined pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy for the management of a traumatic eye injury. DMEK graft and recipient bed were prepared as regular. The posterior half of the donor stroma was dissected with a crescent knife to form a temporary stromal barrier tissue. The prepared donor stromal tissue was implanted into the anterior chamber (AC) to form a barrier over the iris and pupilla. Then, the endothelial graft was safely injected into the anterior chamber and deployed by gently tapping on the corneal surface. Air tamponade was applied into the AC for 10 minutes to allow the graft to attach. Afterwards, the stromal barrier tissue was removed through the main incision and the AC was refilled with air tamponade. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications during 1-month follow-up. Conclusion Insertion of a temporary posterior stromal tissue as a barrier over the iris and pupilla successfully provided AC stability and prevented posterior dislocation of the graft or air tamponade. This new technique was a safe and effective approach for DMEK in aphakic and vitrectomized eyes. Copyright © 2020 Karadag et al.Purpose To report 3 cases of microsporidial stromal keratitis presenting as a diagnostic dilemma to a tertiary eye care center in north India. Methods Three eyes of 3 patients underwent therapeutic keratoplasty for microsporidial stromal keratitis. A decision for early surgery was taken as the patients were not responding to conventional medical management and were worsening clinically. The diagnosis of microsporidia was made by corneal scraping and confirmed on histopathological evaluation of the corneal button. Results Out of the 3 patients, one maintained a clear graft, one had a recurrence and one had graft rejection, 6 months postoperatively. The patients were not started on steroids in the postoperative period and were given topical antibiotics and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMD). Oral Albendazole 400 mg was also given twice a day for a month. Conclusion Many questions remained unanswered about the management protocol of stromal keratitis caused by microsporidia. The role of topical steroids, antifungal agents, oral Albendazole needs to be discussed. Clinicians should be aware of recurrences which may mimic as rejections. There needs to be more awareness regarding microsporidia as a cause of acute stromal keratitis, so that its not overlooked or underdiagnosed. Copyright © 2020 Farooqui et al.APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive transcription factors (AP2/ERF), with their multifunctional roles in plant development, hormone signaling and stress tolerance, are important candidates for engineering crop plants. Here, we report identification and analysis of gene structure, phylogenetic distribution, expression, chromosomal localization and cis-acting promoter analysis of AP2/ERF genes in the C4 crop plant sorghum. We identified 158 ERF genes in sorghum with 52 of them encoding dehydration-responsive binding elements (DREB) while 106 code for ERF subfamily proteins. Phylogenetic analysis organized sorghum ERF proteins into 11 distinct groups exhibiting clade-specific expansion. About 68% ERF genes have paralogs indicating gene duplications as major cause of expansion of ERF family in sorghum. Analysis of spatiotemporal expression patterns using publicly available data revealed their tissue/genotype-preferential accumulation. In addition, 40 ERF genes exhibited differential accumulation in response to heat and/or drought stress. About 25% of the segmental gene pairs and eleven tandem duplicated genes exhibited high correlation (> 0.7) in their expression patterns indicating genetic redundancy. Comparative phylogenomic analysis of sorghum ERFs with 74 genetically characterized ERF genes from other plant species provided significant clues to sorghum ERF functions. Overall data generated here provides an overview of evolutionary relationship among ERF gene family members in sorghum and with respect to previously characterized ERF genes from other plant species. This information will be instrumental in initiating functional genomic studies of ERF candidates in sorghum. © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020.Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) is a polyphagous pest on agricultural crops, whose control is based mainly on the application of chemical insecticides. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most important biological agents that have been successfully applied as a biological control, and Cry1Ca protein is considered to be active against S. exigua. Therefore, to understand the response of S. exigua to Cry1Ca protein, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyse the S. exigua larval midgut after treatment with sublethal concentrations of Cry1Ca protein. Transcriptome data showed that a total of 98,571 unigenes with an N50 value of 1135 bp and a mean length of 653 bp were obtained. Furthermore, 2962 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after Cry1Ca challenge, including 1508 up-regulated and 1454 down-regulated unigenes. Among these DEGs, detoxification (CYP, CarE, and GST) and Bt resistance (ALP, APN, and ABC transporter)-related genes were differentially expressed in the midgut of S. exigua after Cry1Ca treatment.