Buggepearson6146

-2% in kayakers/rowers, P less then 0.01). Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in running and double-poling ergometry did not improve, whereas VO2peak in roller-ski skating improved by 5% in runners (P less then 0.05). Submaximal gross efficiency increased by 0.6%-point and cycle length by 13%, whereas 1 RM in seated pull-down and triceps press increased by 12 and 11%, respectively (all P less then 0.05). Conclusion Six-months of XC ski-specific training induced large improvements in sport-specific performance which were associated with better skiing efficiency, longer cycle length, and greater 1RM upper-body strength in a group of endurance athletes transferring to XC skiing. Furthermore, larger sport-specific development was found in runners compared to kayakers/rowers.World-class marathon runners make initial contact with the rearfoot, midfoot or forefoot. This novel study analyzed kinematic similarities and differences between rearfoot and non-rearfoot strikers within the men's and women's 2017 IAAF World Championship marathons across the last two laps. Twenty-eight men and 28 women, equally divided by footstrike pattern, were recorded at 29.5 and 40 km (laps 3 and 4, respectively) using two high-definition cameras (50 Hz). The videos were digitized to derive spatiotemporal and joint kinematic data, with additional footage (120 Hz) used to identify footstrike patterns. There was no difference in running speed, step length or cadence between rearfoot and non-rearfoot strikers during either lap in both races, and these three key variables decreased in athletes of either footstrike pattern to a similar extent between laps. Men slowed more than women between laps, and overall had greater reductions in step length and cadence. Rearfoot strikers landed with their foot farther ilikely to provide any performance benefits, and that training the fatigue resistance of key lower limb muscle-tendon units to avoid decreases in step length and cadence are more useful in preventing reductions in speed during the later stages of the race.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 4 weeks in-water swimming-specific repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) compared to similar training in normoxia (RSN). Following a repeated-measures, counterbalanced cross-over design, 10 swimmers were requested to perform two trials consisting of in-water repeated sprints in hypoxic (RSH, simulated 4,040 m; FiO2 = 13.7%) or normoxic (RSN, 459 m, FiO2 calibrated = 20.9%) conditions. In both conditions, 8 additional exercise including 3 sets of 5 × 15 m "all-out" sprints (corresponding to a total of 625 m), with 20 s of passive recovery between efforts and 200 m of easy swimming between sets were included at the end of their swimming program over a 4 weeks period. Hypoxic condition was generated using a simulator pumping air with lowered oxygen concentration into a facial mask. An incremental maximal test on an ergocycle, as well as 100 m and 400 m freestyle swimming performance (real competition format) were assessed before (pre), 7 days (post-1), and 2 weeks (post-2) after intervention. During training, heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored. RSH showed significantly lower SpO2 (70.1 ± 4.8% vs. 96.1 ± 2.7%, P less then 0.01), concomitant with higher mean HR (159 ± 11 bmp vs. 141 ± 6 bmp, P less then 0.01) than RSN. No significant changes in maximal oxygen uptake, other submaximal physiological parameters, 100 or 400 m swimming performances were found. Although providing additional physiological stress, performing in-water RSH does not provide evidence for higher benefits than RSN to improve swimmers performance.Skiing in biathlon is a high-intensity, intermittent endurance discipline. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between laboratory-derived physiological variables and skiing performance during a field-based biathlon competition (BC) for female and male biathletes. Fourteen female (23 ± 3 year, V ˙ O2max 56 ± 4 mL·kg-1·min-1) and 14 male (24 ± 4 year, V ˙ O2max 66 ± 3 mL·kg-1·min-1) biathletes performed a submaximal incremental test and a maximal time-trial (TT) using treadmill roller-skiing for the assessment of oxygen uptake at a lactate threshold of 4 mmol·L-1 ( V ˙ O2@4mmol), gross efficiency (GE), aerobic (MRae) and anaerobic (MRan) metabolic rates, peak oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2peak), anaerobic capacity and TT performance. MM3122 price Field-based skiing performance was assessed during a BC. The TT and BC skiing performances were significantly correlated in both sexes (r = 0.68-0.69, p less then 0.01). V ˙ O2peak (31/21%), anaerobic capacity (1/0%), and GE (35/32%) explained 67 and 52% of the variance in BC skiing performance for the females (p less then 0.01) and males (p = 0.051), respectively. A second model showed that V ˙ O2@4mmol (30/35%), anaerobic capacity (0/0%) and GE (37/13%) explained 67 and 48% of the variance in BC skiing performance for the females (p less then 0.01) and males (p = 0.077), respectively. Results of this study suggest that a high V ˙ O2@4mmol and GE, but not anaerobic capacity, are important for BC skiing performance, especially for females. In addition, a laboratory-based TT could be useful for regular laboratory testing of biathletes due to its relationship with field-based skiing performance in biathlon.Given the emergence of the COVID-19 outbreak, the official declaration of a global pandemic by the World Health Organization, and its consequential disruptions on the professional team sports landscape, it is the main objective of this brief opinion to help ensure that professional team-sport athletes and support staff remain aware as a society of some of the potential pitfalls - illustrated via negative but plausible detrimental scenarios. Finally, new ideas are introduced and evidence-based hypotheses are presented on the following five themes periodization, exploration, virtual (at-home) training, player monitoring, and continued education, including return-to-competition preparation strategies following these exceptional times of uncharted territory.