Buggeoakley6636

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a common tumour type in Australian men. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to review important changes in prostate cancer diagnosis and management over the past five years, particularly as they pertain to general practice. DISCUSSION The management of prostate cancer has changed significantly in recent years, particularly the use of imaging, with the introduction of prostate magnetic resonance imaging as routine in the diagnostic pathway, and the increasing use of prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography for early stratification in the salvage setting for failure of primary treatment in localised disease. In addition, upfront combinations of androgen deprivation therapy with other systemic treatments have yielded significant gains in overall survival for patients with metastatic disease. There has also been an increasing recognition of the association between germline DNA repair defects and progressive disease, and interest in the potential to identify patients for therapies that target these defects. There have been significant changes in how prostate cancer is diagnosed and managed in the past five years, with the introduction of new clinical pathways that were unprecedented just a decade previously.BACKGROUND The benefit of exercise in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has a strong evidence base, so it is important to ensure exercise is part of every patient's management plan. OBJECTIVE This article reviews the evidence for exercise in T2D and the factors affecting a patient's willingness to commence and sustain enough exercise to gain benefit. The article offers tips about how to safely and effectively prescribe the 'medicine' of exercise for all, even the frailest patients; who to stabilise before an exercise program should begin; and how to use the skills of an accredited exercise physiologist (AEP) to deliver the best 'prescription' possible. DISCUSSION General practitioners and their teams, along with other healthcare providers such as AEPs, can increase the amount of exercise medicine a patient receives. This is the case for those at risk of developing T2D, those with T2D and those with the many comorbidities associated with T2D.BACKGROUND Exercise prescription, while not traditionally part of the medical school curriculum or many advanced post-graduate training programs, is rapidly becoming an essential skill in primary care. Its importance relates to exercise being an effective evidence-based intervention for osteoarthritis, back pain, tendinopathy, some cancers, depression, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to describe the basic principles of exercise prescription in the context of a primary care medical consultation, assisting general practitioners to manage cases without the need for referral. Understanding the basic principles is important, but it should not be presumed that exercise prescription is always straightforward. DISCUSSION A good mantra for exercise prescription is 'move, monitor, modify'. BMS-935177 ic50 Failure of basic exercise prescription does not necessarily mean that procedural or medication treatment is required, but instead second-line exercise prescription may be indicated. Although referral to an exercise-based practitioner is a useful option, exercise prescription should become embedded as part of primary care medical practice because of its reported effectiveness and minimal side effects when appropriately implemented.BACKGROUND International guidelines recommend exercise for all people with cancer. Effective supportive care interventions are required for people diagnosed with lung cancer to reduce morbidity associated with the disease process, frequently occurring comorbidities and treatment-related side effects. OBJECTIVE This article summarises the evidence regarding the safety, effectiveness and patient experiences of exercise and physical activity interventions for people with lung cancer. DISCUSSION Exercise interventions for people with lung cancer are safe and effective at improving physical fitness, muscle strength and patient-reported outcomes including cancer-related fatigue, dyspnoea and health-related quality of life. Increasing evidence supports the use of exercise prior to treatment (prehabilitation) to improve outcomes following surgery. Individuals with lung cancer should be encouraged to be as physically active as possible. Throughout the patient's cancer journey, consideration and prescription of individualised exercise is an important component of care. General practitioners are well placed to coordinate this care, often in conjunction with exercise physiologists or physiotherapists.BACKGROUND Every four minutes, an Australian is diagnosed with cancer. Early detection and effective treatment means that many of these people are living with the side effects of cancer and its treatment for numerous years. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to summarise the evidence examining the role of exercise in cancer care. DISCUSSION Exercise is a safe and effective adjunct therapy in cancer care. Patients with cancer who regularly engage in moderate-intensity exercise are more likely to have fewer and less severe treatment-related side effects; a lower relative risk of developing other chronic diseases; and, in some cases, a lower relative risk of cancer recurrence and mortality. Available evidence highlights the benefits of general practitioners (GPs) discussing and recommending exercise to their patients with cancer. To optimise the therapeutic effect of exercise, GPs may consider referring patients with cancer to an exercise physiologist or physiotherapist who has experience in cancer care.BACKGROUND/AIMS Pericytes (PCs) are multipotent vascular precursors that play a critical physiological role in the development and maintenance of blood vessel integrity. In this study, we aim to characterize PCs isolated from human abdominal adipose tissue and develop an integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using episomal vectors. METHODS The ultrastructure of adipose tissue-derived PCs was determined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The expression of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and pericyte markers were examined using flow cytometry and PCR analysis. PCs were induced to adipogenic, osteogenic and myogenic lineages, and their angiogenic potential was determined using tube formation assay. We further established pericyte reprogramming protocol using episomal vectors. RESULTS Our data showed that human adipose tissue-derived PCs uniformly expressed MSCs, CD105 and CD73, and PCs markers, desmin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), while lacked the expression of HLA-DR and the hematopoietic markers CD34, CD11b and CD45.