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Therefore, the developed methods can serve as effective tools for the current and future bioseparation of various biological compounds, biopharmaceutical proteins, and therapeutic cells that are currently used in therapies.Human Pituitary Tumour Transforming Gene 1 (PTTG1) is an oncoprotein involved in maintaining chromosome stability and acts as a biomarker for a panel of cancers. In this study, we endeavoured to generate an RNA aptamer against PTTG1. The RNA aptamer, SECURA-3 has an estimated equilibrium dissociation constant of 16.41 ± 6.4 nM. The aptamer was successfully harnessed in several diagnostic platforms including ELASA, aptamer-based dot blot and aptamer-based western blot. SECURA-3 was also unveiled as a potential probe that could replace its counterpart antibody in the histostaining-based detection of PTTG1 in HeLa and MCF-7 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cell blocks. In the aspect of therapeutics, SECURA-3 RNA aptamer demonstrates an antagonistic effect by antagonizing the interaction between PTTG1 and CXCR2, as revealed in the in vitro competitive nitrocellulose filter binding assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay in HeLa cells. As the first anti-PTTG1 aptamer, SECURA-3 RNA aptamer has immense diagnostic and therapeutic properties.Being able to measure the size and distribution of oligomers in solution is a critical issue in the manufacture and stability of insulin and other protein formulations. Measuring oligomers reliably can however be complicated, due to their fragile self-assembled structures, which are held together by weak forces. This can cause issues in chromatographic based methods, where dissociation or re-equilibration of oligomer populations can occur e.g. upon dilution in a different eluting buffer, but also for light scattering based methods like dynamic light scattering (DLS) where the size difference involved (often less than a factor 3) does not allow mixtures of oligomers to be resolved. Intrinsic fluorescence offers an attractive alternative as it is non-invasive, sensitive but also because it contains scattered light when implemented via excitation emission matrix (EEM) measurements, that is sensitive to changes in particle size. selleck chemicals Here, using insulin at formulation level concentrations, we show for the first time h zinc, these insulin samples were instead a heterogenous mixture composed of mostly dimers and hexamers. These MCR results correlated in all cases with the observed discrimination by principal component analysis (PCA), and deviations observed in the RS data. In conclusion, using pEEM scatter and emission components with chemometric data analysis provides a unique analytical method for characterising and monitoring changes in the soluble oligomeric state of proteins.In-vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a unique and powerful approach for understanding sublethal toxicity, recovery, and elucidating a contaminant's toxic mode of action. However, magnetic susceptibility distortions caused by the organisms, along with sample complexity, lead to broad and overlapping 1D NMR spectra. As such, 2D NMR in combination with 13C enrichment (to increase signal) is a requirement for metabolite assignment and monitoring using high field in-vivo flow based NMR. Despite this, it is not clear which NMR experiment and probe combinations are the most appropriate for such studies. In terms of experiments, 1H-13C Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) and 13C-1H Heteronuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (HETCOR) experiments are logical choices for molecular fingerprinting. HSQC uses 1H for detection and thus will be the most sensitive, while HETCOR uses 13C for detection, which benefits from improved spectral dispersion (i.e. a larger chemical shift range) and avoids detobes and experiments prove to be quite robust, albeit HSQC identified slightly more metabolites in most cases. HETCOR did nearly as-well and because of the lack of water complications would be the most accessible approach for researchers to apply in-vivo NMR to 13C enriched organisms, both in terms of experimental setup and flow system design. This said, when using an optimized flow system, HSQC did identify the most metabolites and an inverse probe design offers the most potential for 1H-only approaches which are continuously being developed and have the potential to eventually overcome the current limitation that requires 13C enriched organisms.Heteroatom-doped carbon has emerged as one of the most important electrode materials for electrochemical analysis. Thus, designing and synthesizing novel heteroatom-doped carbon material with superior electrochemical activity is highly desired. Herein, we report a simple and effective pyrolysis-activation strategy to synthesize nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped porous carbon (N, P-C) framework by using zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) as the precursor and phytic acid as the phosphorus source. It is found that the surface defect level, electrochemical active area and electrode reaction kinetics of N, P-C framework is greatly boosted compared with ZIF-67 derived N-doped porous carbon (N-C) framework. These features endow N, P-C framework with outstanding electrochemical activity for the oxidation of highly toxic environmental pollutants 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol. The oxidation peak currents of 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol increase linearly in the range from 25 nM to 2 μM. Besides, the limits of detection are estimated to be about 8.0 nM and 7.2 nM (three signal-to-noise ratio) for 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol with sensitivity of 87.3 μA μM-1 cm-2 and 84.6 μA μM-1 cm-2, respectively.Tyrosinase (TYR) expression and activity determine the rate and yield of melanin production. Studies have shown that TYR is a potential biomarker for melanoma and highly sensitive detection of TYR benefits early diagnosis of melanoma-related diseases. In this study, we developed a method that combines surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and sandwich-type immunity for sensitive detection of TYR, in which 4-mercaptobenzonitrile (4 MB) embedded between the Au core and Au shell (Au4MB @ Au) core-shell structure was employed as a SERS probe for quantitative detection of TYR while the magnetic bead serves as a capture substrate. Our results demonstrated that under magnetic separation, the specific SERS signal obtained is highly correlated with TYR concentrations. Furthermore, the combination of magnetic beads and Au4MB @ Au core-shell structure significantly improved the sensitivity of the sensing platform, resulting in detection limits of 0.45 ng mL-1. More importantly, the detection and analysis of TYR concentration in human serum samples showed good accuracy and an excellent recovery rate.