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Nicotiflorin is the main characteristic component of Nymphaea candida, which is a natural product that reportedly ameliorates acute injury of the liver and cerebral cortex, but the effect of nicotiflorin on acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nicotiflorin on ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) AKI and the associated mechanisms.

We performed both (a) in vivo experiments with C57BL/6 mice with bilateral renal pedicles clamped for 45 minutes and (b) in vitro experiments with human kidney epithelial cells (HK-2) exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation to mimic I/R injury to study the role of nicotiflorin in AKI.

In vivo, nicotiflorin administration exerted protective effects on renal injury, as demonstrated by reductions in the levels of caspase3 and Bad (P < .05), the upregulation of Bcl-2 expression (P < .05) and improved renal histologic changes, which suggested that nicotiflorin can alleviate I/R injury and cell apoptosis. In vitro, nicotiflorin at a concentration of 75 μg/mL protected cells from hypoxia, which further confirmed that nicotiflorin exerts beneficial effects on hypoxia/reoxygenation. Through computational molecular docking, we found that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) exhibits a robust interaction with nicotiflorin with a simulated binding energy of -9.2°. We verified the interaction of nicotiflorin with ATF3 in HK-2 cells, and found that nicotiflorin reduced the apoptosis of HK-2 through ATF3.

Based on the above-described results, nicotiflorin appears to have a beneficial impact on deteriorated renal function, as demonstrated using an experimental I/R model. The underlying mechanisms of nicotiflorin might inhibit HK-2 cell apoptosis through ATF3.

Based on the above-described results, nicotiflorin appears to have a beneficial impact on deteriorated renal function, as demonstrated using an experimental I/R model. The underlying mechanisms of nicotiflorin might inhibit HK-2 cell apoptosis through ATF3.Warming is expected to stimulate soil microbial respiration triggering a positive soil carbon-climate feedback loop while a consensus remains elusive regarding the magnitude of this feedback. This is partly due to our limited understanding of the temperature-adaptive response of soil microbial respiration, especially over broad climatic scales. We used the square root (Ratkowsky) model to calculate the minimum temperature for soil microbial respiration (Tmin , which describes the temperature adaptation of soil microbial respiration) of 298 soil samples from alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau and forest ecosystems across China with a mean annual temperature (MAT) range from -6°C to +25°C. The instantaneous soil microbial respiration was determined between 4°C and 28°C. The square root model could well fit the temperature effect on soil microbial respiration for each individual soil, with R2 higher than 0.98 for all soils. Tmin ranged from -8.1°C to -0.1°C and increased linearly with increasing MAT (R2 = 0.68). MAT dominantly regulated Tmin variation when accounting simultaneously for multiple other drivers (mean annual precipitation, soil pH and carbon quality); an independent experiment showed that carbon availability had no significant effect on Tmin . Using the relationship between Tmin and MAT, soil microbial respiration after an increased MAT could be estimated, resulting in a relative increase in respiration with decreasing MAT. Thus, soil microbial respiration responses are adapted to long-term temperature differences in MAT. We suggest that Tmin = -5 + 0.2 × MAT, that is, every 1°C rise in MAT is estimated to increase Tmin of respiration by approximately 0.2°C, could be used as a first approximation to incorporate temperature adaptation of soil microbial respiration in model predictions. Our results can be used to predict future changes in the response of soil microbial respiration to temperature over different levels of warming and across broad geographic scales with different MAT.Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are resident in the lung and are involved in both the maintenance of homeostasis and the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. In this study, murine lung ILCs were characterized using flow cytometry and the impact of mouse age, sex and strain were assessed. Lung ILCs were found as early as postnatal day 4 and numbers peaked at 2 weeks, and then decreased as the lung matured. During postnatal lung development, ILC expressed differential amounts of group 2 ILC (ILC2)-associated cell surface antigens including ST2, CD90.2 and ICOS. Using Il5venus Il13td-tomato dual reporter mice, neonates were found to have increased constitutive interleukin (IL)-13 expression compared with adult mice. selleck chemicals Neonates and adults had similar ratios of IL-5+ CD45+ leukocytes; however, these cells were mostly composed of ILCs in neonates and T cells in adults. Sex-specific differences in ILC numbers were also observed, with females having greater numbers of lung ILCs than males in both neonatal and adult mice. Female lung ILCs also expressed higher levels of ICOS and decreased KLRG1. Mouse strain also impacted on lung ILCs with BALB/c mice having more ILCs in the lung and increased expression of ST2 and ICOS compared with C57BL/6J mice. Collectively, these data show that lung ILC numbers, cell surface antigen expression, IL-5 and IL-13 levels differed between neonatal and adult lung ILCs. In addition, cell surface antigens commonly used for ILC2 quantification, such as ST2, CD90.2 and ICOS, differ depending on age, sex and strain and these are important considerations for consistent universal identification of lung ILC2s.Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency has a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from neurodevelopmental problems, lens dislocation and marfanoid features in early childhood to adult onset disease with predominantly thromboembolic complications. We have analysed clinical and laboratory data at the time of diagnosis in 328 patients with CBS deficiency from the E-HOD (European network and registry for Homocystinurias and methylation Defects) registry. We developed comprehensive criteria to classify patients into four groups of pyridoxine responsivity non-responders (NR), partial, full and extreme responders (PR, FR and ER, respectively). All groups showed overlapping concentrations of plasma total homocysteine while pyridoxine responsiveness inversely correlated with plasma/serum methionine concentrations. The FR and ER groups had a later age of onset and diagnosis and a longer diagnostic delay than NR and PR patients. Lens dislocation was common in all groups except ER but the age of dislocation increased with increasing responsiveness.