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Our concept should serve as a baseline for modelling approaches, such as individual-based simulations, which will contribute greatly to our understanding of multilevel selection and (eco)evolutionary dynamics in filamentous fungi.Declining soil quality and microecological imbalances were evaluated in larch plantations in this study. One potential solution to this problem is the cultivation of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved plantations. However, it is unclear whether and how soil microbial community structure and nutrient cycling function would be affected by mixed plantations and soil depths. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to investigate bacterial 16S and fungal ITS regions for comparisons of soil microbial diversity among plantation types (a Larix gmelinii pure plantation, a Fraxinus mandshurica pure plantation, a Larix-Fraxinus mixed plantation within the Larix row, the Fraxinus row, and between the Larix and Fraxinus rows) and soil depths (0-10, 10-20, and 20-40 cm). These data were used to evaluate variations in microbial communities and nutrient cycling function with the determining environmental factors. Our results indicated that bacteria had a stronger spatial dependence than did fungi, while plantation types significantly affected the fungal community. The relative abundance of Gaiellaceae, as well as bacterial ligninolysis, nitrate ammonification, and nitrite ammonification functions significantly increased with increasing soil depth. Compared with other plantations, the relative abundance of Inocybaceae was significantly higher in the Larix plantation. Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) showed that Gaiellaceae and Inocybaceae abundances were positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, and phosphatase activity. Our findings indicate that variations in soil available phosphorus are closely related to the relative abundances of Gaiellaceae at different soil depths and Inocybaceae in different plantation types. Mixed plantations might change the availability of soil phosphorus by controlling the relative abundance of Inocybaceae. We recommend that fungal community changes be considered in the sustainable management of mixed plantations.Intercropping systems improve the soil nutrient cycle through microbial community activity and then land productivity. However, their interactions mechanism underlying that the mixed aromatic plant species intercropping regulate the soil microbiome and nutrient cycling on the perennial woody orchard is still uncovered. We designed treatments with 0, 1, and 3 aromatic plant species intercropped in two scenarios of clean tillage (T model, T1, T2, and T4) and natural grass (G model, G1, G2, and G4) in apple orchards, and investigated intercrops effects at the branch growing stage (BGS) and fruit development stage (FDS), respectively. Compared with T model, G model in FDS increased alpha diversity of bacterial community and Shannon index fungal community, the relative abundance of dominant taxa, such as Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria, and also the numbers of up and down-regulated OTUs, the most of indices of co-occurrence network in both bacterial and fungal community, and then improved invertase activity and available nitrogen content. Relative to G1, G2 and G4 reduced diversity bacterial community in FDS, the relative abundance of dominant taxa, the most of indices of co-occurrence network, and then improved soil invertase activity and total phosphorus content in soil. Moreover, Shannon index of fungal community, the altered number of OTUs and the most indices of co-occurrence network were higher in G4 than those in G2 in FDS. These changes above in FDS were more markedly than those in BGS, suggesting that chemical diversity of litter from mixed species of aromatic plants in natural grass scenario led to diversity, complexity, and stability of soil microbial community and then nutrient cycling. It provided a novel highlight and method to modulate biocenosis and then improve the soil nutrient cycling.Early weaning stress has been reported to impair intestinal health in mammals. Like mammals, weaning of the pigeon squab, an altricial bird, is associated with social, environmental and dietary stress. However, understanding of weaning stress on intestinal functions is very limited in altricial birds, especially in squabs. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of early weaning stress on intestinal microbiota diversity, architecture, permeability, the first line defense mechanisms, mucosal barrier functions, and immune cell responses. A total of 192 newly hatched squabs were randomly allocated into two groups, one weaned on day 7 and the other remained with the parent pigeons. Mucosal tissue and digesta in ileum, as well as blood samples, were collected from squabs (n = 8) on days 1, 4, 7, 10, and 14 postweaning. Our results showed that weaning stress induced immediate and long-term deleterious effects on both growth performance and intestinal barrier functions of squabs. Early weaning significantly increased ileal bacterial diversity and alters the relative abundance of several bacteria taxa. Weaning stress can also cause morphological and functional changes in ileum, including an atrophy in villi, an increase in permeability, and a variation in the mRNA expression of genes encoding mucins, immunoglobulins, tight junction proteins, toll-like receptors, and cytokines, as well as the concentration of secretory IgA. We concluded that the impaired intestinal barrier functions accompanied with early weaning stress seems to be the main reason for the poor growth rate after weaning in squabs. In addition, the disturbance of intestinal microbiota of early weaning stress in squabs coincided with dysfunction of intestinal mucosal barrier and activation of inflammation cell responses that were possibly mediated via the activation of toll-like receptors.Electrified biotrickling filters represent sustainable microbial electrochemical technology for treating organic carbon-deficient ammonium-contaminated waters. However, information on the microbiome of the conductive granule bed cathode remains inexistent. For uncovering this black box and for identifying key process parameters, minimally invasive sampling units were introduced, allowing for the extraction of granules from different reactor layers during reactor operation. Sampled granules were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry and molecular biological tools. Two main redox sites [-288 ± 18 mV and -206 ± 21 mV vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)] related to bioelectrochemical denitrification were identified, exhibiting high activity in a broad pH range (pH 6-10). A genome-centric analysis revealed a complex nitrogen food web and the presence of typical denitrifiers like Pseudomonas nitroreducens and Paracoccus versutus with none of these species being identified as electroactive microorganism so far. These are the first results to provide insights into microbial structure-function relationships within electrified biotrickling filters and underline the robustness and application potential of bioelectrochemical denitrification for environmental remediation.This study illustrated the texture changes of Shewanella baltica-inoculated Litopenaeus vannamei during refrigerated storage with the exogenous addition of Lactobacillus plantarum SS-128. The group inoculated with SS-128 had an improved texture compared with that inoculated with the luxS-mutant group (ΔluxS). Proteomics were conducted to analyze the protein alterations in L. vannamei and supernatant, respectively. During storage, many texture-related proteins, including myosin heavy chain and beta-actin, were maintained due to luxS. Some endogenous enzymes related to the energy metabolism and hydrolysis of L. vannamei were downregulated. The luxS-induced interaction with S. baltica showed significant changes in the expression of some critical enzymes and pathways. The ATP-dependent zinc metalloprotease FtsH and protease subunit HslV were downregulated, and the oxidative phosphorylation and glycosaminoglycan degradation pathways in S. baltica were inhibited, resulting in the slow deterioration of L. vannamei. By exploring the mechanism underlying SS-128-led manipulation of the metabolism of spoilage bacteria, we clarified the texture maintenance mechanism of luxS in SS-128, providing theoretical evidence for SS-128 application in food preservation.The populations of European ash and its harmless fungal associate Hymenoscyphus albidus are in decline owing to ash dieback caused by the invasive Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, a fungus that in its native range in Asia is a harmless leaf endophyte of local ash species. To clarify the behavior of H. albidus and its spatial and temporal niche overlap with the invasive relative, we used light microscopy, fungal species-specific qPCR assays, and PacBio long-read amplicon sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region to examine fungal growth and species composition in attached leaves of European ash. The plant material was collected from a healthy stand in central Norway, where ash saplings in late autumn showed leaflet vein necrosis like that commonly related to H. fraxineus. For reference, leaflet samples were analyzed from stands with epidemic level of ash dieback in southeastern Norway and Estonia. While H. albidus was predominant in the necrotic veins in the healthy stand, H. fraxineus was predominant in the diseased stal conditions favorable to H. fraxineus life cycle completion in most years may enable the build-up of high infection pressure and challenge of leaf defense prior to autumn senescence.The definitive screening design (DSD) and artificial neural network (ANN) were conducted for modeling the biosorption of Co(II) by Pseudomonas alcaliphila NEWG-2. Factors such as peptone, incubation time, pH, glycerol, glucose, K2HPO4, and initial cobalt had a significant effect on the biosorption process. MgSO4 was the only insignificant factor. The DSD model was invalid and could not forecast the prediction of Co(II) removal, owing to the significant lack-of-fit (P less then 0.0001). Decisively, the prediction ability of ANN was accurate with a prominent response for training (R2 = 0.9779) and validation (R2 = 0.9773) and lower errors. Applying the optimal levels of the tested variables obtained by the ANN model led to 96.32 ± 2.1% of cobalt bioremoval. During the biosorption process, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the sorption of Co(II) ions by P. see more alcaliphila. FTIR indicated the appearance of a new stretching vibration band formed with Co(II) ions at wavenumbers of 562, 530, and 531 cm-1. The symmetric amino (NH2) binding was also formed due to Co(II) sorption. Interestingly, throughout the revision of publications so far, no attempt has been conducted to optimize the biosorption of Co(II) by P. alcaliphila via DSD or ANN paradigm.On December 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued the first emergency use authorization for a vaccine for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We report development of superficial thrombophlebitis in the ipsilateral breast of a 43-year-old female 7 days after receiving the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Given that this is the first case of superficial thrombophlebitis in the breast shortly after mRNA vaccination for COVID-19 reported to our knowledge, we suggest that this may be a rare vaccine-related event.