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Urolithiasis is a prevalent disease worldwide with high recurrence rate, minimally invasive interventions have largely replaced open ones, namely PCNL and RIRS. Miniaturization, optical improvements, and modern laser types made these procedures safe and effective in the management of single renal stones.

Is to compare the effectiveness of mini PCNL with RIRS in the treatment of single renal stone of ≤25mm.

This prospective study that included 60 patients with single renal stones of ≤25mm and were treated by either mini PCNL (group A) or RIRS (group B). The study was performed during the period from October 2020 to April 2021.

The mean operative time RIRS group was 43.6±10.493, while for miniPCNL it was 36.6±7.035 (P=0.004). The stone free rate in RIRS and miniPCNL group was 70% and 90% respectively (P=0.053). The need for JJ stent was higher in RIRS compared to miniPCNL group (70% vs. 40%) respectively (P=0.02). The duration of hospital stay in miniPCNL was 38.2h compared to 16.7h for RIRS group (p=0.0001). The rate of postoperative hemoglobin drop was higher in MiniPCNL compared to RIRS (P=0.0001). There was no significant difference regarding complication rates between both groups.

Mini-PCNL FOR the treatment of renal stones sized ≤25mm has high stone free rate, shorter operative time, less requirement for JJ stent and near similar post-operative pain and complications compared to RIRS.

Mini-PCNL FOR the treatment of renal stones sized ≤25 mm has high stone free rate, shorter operative time, less requirement for JJ stent and near similar post-operative pain and complications compared to RIRS.

The gold-standard treatment for cholecystectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, has remarkably variable outcomes and conversion rates. We investigated the gallbladder adhesion degree as a predictor of conversion surgery, common bile duct injury, and resurgery.

We reviewed 157 medical records and video recordings of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on patients with cholelithiasis with or without cholecystitis at three hospitals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia from January 2016 to December 2018. The degree of gallbladder adhesion is classified into 4 categories no adhesion, <50% adhesion, 50%-buried GB, and completely buried GB.

One hundred fifty seven patients were involved in this study, of whom 58 were males and 99 females with average age 49.2. signaling pathway Eighty-one patients out of 157 patients (51.6%) had gallbladder adhesion comprising of 61/157 (38.9%) with <50% adhesion and 20/157 (12.7%) 50%-buried GB. There is one incidence each of conversion surgery, CBD injury, and resurgery. The degree of GB adhesion has low degree of correlation with conversion surgery, CBD injury, and resurgery wirh

value of 0.156, 0.041, and 0.156 respectively. There is significant correlation between the degree of GB adhesion and conversion surgery and resurgery with

value of 0.032, and 0.032 respectively. There is no significant correlation between degree of GB adhesion and CBD injury with

value of 0.453.

The degree of GB adhesion has low degree of correlation with conversion, CBD injury and resurgery. This study also showed that patients with high degree of gallbladder adhesion are still eligible for laparoscopic procedure performed by an experienced surgeon.

The degree of GB adhesion has low degree of correlation with conversion, CBD injury and resurgery. This study also showed that patients with high degree of gallbladder adhesion are still eligible for laparoscopic procedure performed by an experienced surgeon.

Eosinophilic cystitis (EC) is a rare inflammatory urinary bladder disorder whose etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment are unknown. The work aims to evaluate the clinical manifestations, cystoscopic characteristics, pathological features, treatment, and clinical outcome of EC patients.

The clinical records and histopathology material of 22 patients diagnosed as EC during ten years were reviewed and analyzed for patient's age, sex, clinical data, cystoscopic features, biopsy procedures, treatment plan, follow-up, and prognosis. Frequencies, normality tests, descriptive statistics, and correlations were run.

The mean age of patients was 46.5+17 years, 12 females and 10 males. Regarding the patient's complaints, dysuria was the most frequent main symptom, followed by hematuria. On cystoscopic examination, bladder mass was seen in 54.5% of patients. Six patients (27.3%) were associated with different allergic diseases; however peripheral eosinophilia was shown in two patients (9.1%). All cases revealed predominance of eosinophilic infiltration on microscopic examination. The most commonly used medications were corticosteroids for 72.7% of patients with tapering dose giving a significant improvement with a recorded recurrence in one patient after 12 months from the first lesion.

No specific clinical presentation for EC patients and histopathology is the standard diagnostic tool. Medical treatment including corticosteroids was the first line with good prognosis, although recurrence remains a possibility which emphasizes the importance of patients' follow-up.

No specific clinical presentation for EC patients and histopathology is the standard diagnostic tool. Medical treatment including corticosteroids was the first line with good prognosis, although recurrence remains a possibility which emphasizes the importance of patients' follow-up.

The distraction osteogenesis procedure has a high potential to treat bone defect problems. The alternative technique to treat nonunion associated with a bone defect is the acute shortening and re-lengthening (ASRL) procedure. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of ASRL procedure with a monorail fixator to treat femur/tibia nonunion associated with the bone defect.

Retrospective analysis was performed to patients who received ASRL procedure with monorail fixator for femur or tibia nonunion from October 2018 to October 2020at Prof. Dr. R. Soeharso Orthopaedic hospital. One case was loss to follow-up and excluded from the study. The rest of 16 cases were included for further analysis. The evaluation was performed to the demographic, intraoperative procedure, problems/complications, additional procedure, and final outcome.

There were 13 male and three female patients with age ranged from 16 to 64 years old. The follow-up period ranges 9-31 months. ASRL procedures performed to 6 femur and 10 tibias. The problems/complications two cases with problems associated with callus formation, two cases of fracture at corticotomy site, one case of skin necrosis, one case of osteomyelitis, one case of malrotation. Additional surgical procedures were needed 5/16 (31.2%) cases. Evaluation at the final follow-up period showed 14/16 (87.5%) cases had a complete bone union.

Acute shortening and re-lengthening (ASRL) could be reliable as a method of treatment for femur/tibia nonunion associated with the bone defect. Several possible complications need to be considered prior to perform this procedure.

Acute shortening and re-lengthening (ASRL) could be reliable as a method of treatment for femur/tibia nonunion associated with the bone defect. Several possible complications need to be considered prior to perform this procedure.

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) are rare and severe forms of drug-induced skin reaction. Most frequently involved drugs are noted to be non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antibiotics, and anticonvulsants. These have high morbidity and mortality and counts among dermatological emergencies.

We report an eventful case of a 22-year-old lady who suffered and recovered from carbamazepine-induced SJS/TEN overlapping during her pregnancy. Our patient had a history of epilepsy for which she was under sodium valproate. Switching to carbamazepine due to its low teratogenicity led our patient to this condition. History of prodromal symptoms and exposure to carbamazepine helped in the diagnosis. Carbamazepine abstinence and a multidisciplinary approach in symptomatic management worked very well for the patient.

Carbamazepine-induced TES/SJS manifests multisystem effects and requires a multidisciplinary approach for management. The condition itself is life-threatening and in i*1502 variant allele and close monitoring of these adverse reactions along with proper counseling to patients goes a long way in preventing the development of this life-threatening condition.

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is one of the most harmful complications after pancreatic resection. Efficient drainage affects the clinical outcome of POPF. Inefficient drain of the fluid collection should contribute greatly to the need of additional interventional drainage, secondary morbid complications, and death.

A rat model of POPF was established by distal pancreatosplenectomy. A novel active drain system (ADS) for POPF was developed by wrapping polyvinyl alcohol sponges (PVA) to an end of the drainage tube. Passive drain system (PDS), ADS and ADS with PVA were used for POPF in rat models. The volume and amylase of ascites were measured. CT scan was applied to assess abdominal fluid collection. Rats pancreatic transection stumps were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).

The volume of drainage of ADS with PVA group was less than that of PDS group and ADS group at late stage. CT scan showed obvious abdominal fluid collections in 2/8, 2/8 and 0/8 rats in PDS, ADS and ADS with PVA group separately. Macrofindings showed significant intra-abdominal adhesions and inflammation in PDS and ADS group but not in ADS with PVA group. H&E staining showed less inflammatory cells and destroyed pancreatic glands in ADS with PVA group.

ADS with PVA drained ascites effectively in the rat model of POPF. The effective drainage of pancreatic juice reduced the inflammation of abdominal organs and pancreatic resection stumps, and might promote the healing of POPF.

ADS with PVA drained ascites effectively in the rat model of POPF. The effective drainage of pancreatic juice reduced the inflammation of abdominal organs and pancreatic resection stumps, and might promote the healing of POPF.

Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is an evidence-based intervention with large protective effects on neonatal mortality and morbidity, especially among small babies. Despite the available evidence, KMC adoption, implementation and scale-up has lagged. The purpose of this paper is to inform current and future KMC implementation by identifying achievements and challenges in countries that are in the process of scaling up KMC.

We collected and analyzed information to track the status of facility-based KMC in countries identified by the KMC Acceleration Partnership. We assessed the status of the scale-up in six priority countries (Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria and Rwanda in Africa, and Bangladesh and India in Asia) for three periods 2014 and prior, 2015-2017 and 2017-2019 across six strategic areas national policy, country implementation, research, knowledge management, monitoring and evaluation and advocacy. We collected information through in-depth interviews with key participants, quantitative data extraction from threation and facilitating the use of data for decision making will be vital to ensure effective coverage at scale.