Braggdalton2595
rhIL-37 reduced production of Th2 cytokines in allergen-activated MNCs from wild-type but not from IL-1R1-deficient mice and inhibited IL-33-induced Th2 cytokine release. Furthermore, rhIL-37 attenuated IL-1β- and IL-33-induced pro-inflammatory mediator expression in murine AEC cultures. In contrast to wild-type mice, hIL-37had no effect on EAA in IL-1R1- or IL-33-deficient mice. We also observed that expression/production ratios of both IL-1β and IL-33 to IL-37 were dramatically increased in asthma patients compared to healthy controls.
IL-37 downregulates allergic airway inflammation by counterbalancing the disease-amplifying effects of IL-1β and IL-33.
IL-37 downregulates allergic airway inflammation by counterbalancing the disease-amplifying effects of IL-1β and IL-33.The degree of spatial autocorrelation in population fluctuations increases with dispersal and geographical covariation in the environment, and decreases with strength of density dependence. Because the effects of these processes can vary throughout an individual's lifespan, we studied how spatial autocorrelation in abundance changed with age in three marine fish species in the Barents Sea. We found large interspecific differences in age-dependent patterns of spatial autocorrelation in density. Spatial autocorrelation increased with age in cod, the reverse trend was found in beaked redfish, while it remained constant among age classes in haddock. We also accounted for the average effect of local cohort dynamics, i.e. the expected local density of an age class given last year's local density of the cohort, with the goal of disentangling spatial autocorrelation patterns acting on an age class from those formed during younger age classes and being carried over. We found that the spatial autocorrelation pattern of older age classes became increasingly determined by the distribution of the cohort during the previous year. Lastly, we found high degrees of autocorrelation over long distances for the three species, suggesting the presence of far-reaching autocorrelating processes on these populations. We discuss how differences in the species' life history strategies could cause the observed differences in age-specific variation in spatial autocorrelation. As spatial autocorrelation can differ among age classes, our study indicates that fluctuations in age structure can influence the spatio-temporal variation in abundance of marine fish populations.
Applying organic fertilizer coupled with chemical fertilizer has been widely adopted to improve crop productivity and quality and develop sustainable agriculture. However, little information is available about the effects of organic fertilizer on the grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.), especially nutritional quality and starch quality. In the present study, high yielding 'super' rice cultivars were grown in the field with three cultivation practices, including zero nitrogen application (0N), local high yielding practice with chemical fertilizer (T1) and T1 treatment with additional organic fertilizer (T2).
Application of organic fertilizer synergistically improved rice production, nitrogen use efficiency, milling and appearance quality, and nutritional quality, including the contents of glutelin, essential amino acids and microelements, and also increased amylopectin and the ratio of the short chain of amylopectin, leading to a reduction in relative crystallinity, and decreased prolamin content. Application of organic fertilizer also increased the viscosity and breakdown values, whereas it decreased the pasting temperature and gelatinization enthalpy, resulting in better cooking and eating quality.
Overall, application of organific fertilizer could synergistically improve nitrogen use efficiency and grain quality, including the structure and physicochemical properties of starch, contents of high value protein and amino acids, contents of microelements, and cooking and eating quality. ML355 price © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Overall, application of organific fertilizer could synergistically improve nitrogen use efficiency and grain quality, including the structure and physicochemical properties of starch, contents of high value protein and amino acids, contents of microelements, and cooking and eating quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Spectroscopic X-ray detectors (SXDs) are under development for X-ray imaging applications. Recent efforts to extend the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) to SXDs impose a barrier to experimentation and/or do not provide a task-independent measure of detector performance. The purpose of this article is to define a task-independent DQE for SXDs that can be measured using a modest extension of established DQE-metrologymethods.
We defined a task-independent spectroscopic DQE and performed a simulation study to determine the relationship between the zero-frequency DQE and the ideal-observer signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of low-frequency soft-tissue, bone, iodine, and gadolinium signals. In our simulations, we used calibrated models of the spatioenergetic response of cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium-zinc-telluride (CdZnTe) SXDs. We also measured the zero-frequency DQE of a CdTe detector with two energy bins and of a CdZnTe detector with up to six energy bins for an RQA9 spectrum and compared with modelpredic2
±
0.02 which is within 5% of the theoretical value.
The spectroscopic DQE defined here is (1) task-independent, (2) can be measured using a modest extension of existing DQE-metrology methods, and (3) is predictive of the ideal-observer SNR of soft-tissue, bone, iodine, and gadolinium signals. For CT applications, the combination of CS and electronic noise in CdZnTe spectroscopic detectors will degrade the zero-frequency DQE by 10%-20% depending on the electronic noise level and pixel size.
The spectroscopic DQE defined here is (1) task-independent, (2) can be measured using a modest extension of existing DQE-metrology methods, and (3) is predictive of the ideal-observer SNR of soft-tissue, bone, iodine, and gadolinium signals. For CT applications, the combination of CS and electronic noise in CdZnTe spectroscopic detectors will degrade the zero-frequency DQE by 10 %-20 % depending on the electronic noise level and pixel size.Plant-pollinator interactions provide a natural experiment in signal evolution. Flowers are known to have evolved colour signals that maximise their ease of detection by the visual systems of important pollinators like bees. Whilst most angiosperms are bee pollinated, our understanding on how the second largest group of pollinating insects, flies, may influence flower colour evolution is limited to the use of categorical models of colour discrimination that do not reflect the small colour differences commonly observed between and within flower species. Here we show by comparing flower signals that occur in different environments including total absence of bees, a mixture of bee and fly pollination within one plant family (Orchidaceae) from a single community, and typical flowers from a broad taxonomic sampling of the same geographic region, that perceptually different colours do evolve in response to different types of insect pollinator. We show evidence of both convergence among fly-pollinated floral colours but also of divergence and displacement of colour signals in the absence of bee pollinators. Our findings give an insight into how both ecological and agricultural systems may be affected by changes in pollinator distributions around the world.
Treatments for alopecia areata (AA) patients with extensive scalp hair loss are limited, and recent evidence supports a role for type 2 T-cell (Th2)-immune response in AA. Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody inhibiting Th2 signaling, approved for type 2 diseases including atopic dermatitis, was evaluated in AA patients.
Alopecia areata patients with and without concomitant atopic dermatitis were randomized 21 to receive weekly subcutaneous dupilumab (300mg) or placebo for 24weeks, followed by another 24-week dupilumab open-label phase. The primary outcome was change from baseline in the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score at week 24; secondary outcomes included a range of measures of hair regrowth.
Forty and 20 patients were assigned to the dupilumab and placebo arms, respectively. At week 24, disease worsening was documented in the placebo arm, with a least-squares mean change in the SALT score of -6.5 (95% confidence-interval [CI], -10.4 to -2.6), versus a change of 2.2 (95% CI, -0.6 to 4.94) in the dupilumab arm (p<.05). After 48weeks of dupilumab treatment, 32.5%, 22.5% and 15% of patients achieved SALT
/SALT
/SALT
improvement, respectively, while in patients with baseline IgE≥200IU/ml response rates increased to 53.8%, 46.2%, and 38.5%, respectively. Moreover, baseline IgE predicts treatment response with 83% accuracy. No new safety signals were detected.
This hypothesis-driven trial is the first to indicate the possible pathogenic role of the Th2 axis and Th2 targeting in AA patients. Patient selection based on baseline serum IgE levels may improve treatment results (Clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT03359356).
This hypothesis-driven trial is the first to indicate the possible pathogenic role of the Th2 axis and Th2 targeting in AA patients. Patient selection based on baseline serum IgE levels may improve treatment results (Clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT03359356).
Soybean residue is a by-product from the soy industry. It is rich in protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and bioactive compounds but it is still underutilized as a food ingredient. The aim of the present study was to investigate the bioactive components, biological activity, and starch digestibility of soybean residues collected from the soybean oil industry (SOI) and the laboratory (SOL), and the effects of hot-air drying on the treated residues.
The predominant phenolic acids were protocatechuic, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids, and the major flavonoids were rutin, daidzein, and genistein. After hot-air drying, the total phenolic, flavonoid, and isoflavone content of dried SOI and SOL increased significantly, in comparison with untreated whole soybean (WSB), SOI, and SOL. Daidzein of dried SOI and SOL increased from 63 to 510 mg kg
dry weight. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryldrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values increased almost twofold in comparison with SOI and SOL. The antioxidant compounds in untreated and treated soy-residue extracts were the most efficient in inhibiting α-amylase. The phenolics and flavonoids caused starch digestion to reduce from 6.6% to 2.7%. The correlations, involving phenolic compounds (including phenolics, flavonoids, and isoflavones), demonstrated that the different phenolic extracts showed different antioxidant properties, which played an important role in soy oil-residue phenolic fractions.
We suggest that soy oil residues could be used as ingredients in functional foods because of their health-promoting attributes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
We suggest that soy oil residues could be used as ingredients in functional foods because of their health-promoting attributes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
