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ΔRI before and after the operation was 0.084 and 0.014, respectively. The decrease of ΔRI in the case of pyeloplasty is 0.07 on average (P  less then  0.001), which can be predicted for pyeloplasty success. Discussion Color Doppler ultrasonography can be used as a non-invasive, fast, non-expensive, and available modality for evaluating the outcome of pyeloplasty instead of the nuclear scan or IVP. © 2020 Hamedanchi and Sedokani.Urethral duplication (UD) is a rare-congenital anomaly that can affect the genito-urinary system. The aim of this case report is to show our experience in this case, including the investigation and operative techniques that we utilized. In the literature review, we will show that different types of duplication, radiological investigations, and surgical techniques have been used to treat this condition. © 2020 Suoub et al.Background Advances in data collection provide opportunities to use population samples in identifying risk factors for urinary incontinence (UI), which occurs in up to 71% of men with prostate cancer following prostatectomy. Most studies on patient-centered outcomes use surveys or manual chart abstraction for data collection, which can be costly and difficult to scale. We sought to evaluate rates of and risk factors for UI following prostatectomy using natural language processing on electronic health record (EHR) data. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing prostatectomy for prostate cancer between January 2008 and August 2018 using EHR data from an academic medical center. UI incidence for each patient in the cohort was assessed using natural language processing from clinical notes generated pre- and postoperatively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate potential risk factors for postoperative UI at various time points within 2 years following surgery. Results We identified 3792 patients who underwent prostatectomy for prostate cancer. We found a significant association between preoperative UI and UI in the first (odds ratio [OR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-4.28) and second (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.04-4.83) years following surgery. Preoperative body mass index was also associated with UI in the second postoperative year (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.21). Conclusion We show that a natural language processing approach using clinical narratives can be used to assess risk for UI in prostate cancer patients. PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 Unstructured clinical narrative text can help advance future population-level research in patient-centered outcomes and quality of care. © 2020 Li et al.Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) have been described to have positive effects on the gait biomechanics in stroke patients. The plantarflexion resistance of an AFO is considered important for hemiplegic patients, but the evidence is still limited. The purpose of this case series was to design and evaluate the immediate effect of an articulated AFO on kinematics and kinetics of lower-limb joints in stroke patients. The articulated AFO with the adjustment of plantarflexion resistance was designed. The spring generates a plantarflexion resistance of the ankle joint at initial stance phase. The efficacy of orthosis was evaluated on two stroke patients in 2 conditions without an AFO and with the AFO. Results showed the immediate improvements for walking speed, stride length and angular changes of dorsiflexion of the paretic ankle joint during a gait cycle of both subjects using the AFO compared with barefoot walking. The AFO also was able to reduce the paretic knee extension in the single-support phase of the stance and increase the vertical COM displacement during stance phase on the affected leg. In conclusion, the designed AFO affect not only the movement of the ankle joint but also the movements of the knee joint and the vertical COM height. These changes indicate improvement of the first and the second rockers and swing phase gait but not third rocker function. Further investigation is recently underway to compare its effect compared with other AFOs on the gait parameters of hemiplegic patients. Copyright © 2020 Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering.A bystander effect is biological changes in non-irradiated cells by transmitted signals from irradiated bystander cells, which causes the radiation toxic effects on the adjacent non-irradiated tissues. This phenomenon occurs by agents such as ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and chemotherapy. The bystander effect includes biological processes such as damage to DNA, cell death, chromosomal abnormalities, delay and premature mutations and micronuclei production. The most involved genes in creating this phenomenon are cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the nuclear factor of kappa B (NFkB) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs). Radiation generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) can damage DNA, membranes and protein buildings. Studies have shown that Vitamin C, Hesperidin, and melatonin can reduce the number of ROS and have a protective role. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are the most abundant nanoparticles produced and when they enter cells, they can create DNA damage. Studies have shown that combined treatment with UVR and silver nanoparticles could form γ-H2AX and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) synergistically. This article reviews the direct and the bystander effects of UVR on the nuclear DNA, the effect of radioprotectors and Ag NPs on these effects. Copyright © 2020 Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering.Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using nanostructures has been a proper method for tumor targeting purposes. Different MRI nanomaterials, targeting agents and anticancer drugs have been used for targeting of tumors. Objectives This study aims to consider the MRI property of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded gadolinium/13X zeolite/folic acid (Gd3+/13X/FA) nanocomposite. Material and Methods In this in vitro study, Gd3+/13X/FA/DOX nanocomposite was prepared and the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and MTT assay were conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the nanocomposite. MRI was performed at 25°C using a 1.5 T clinical system to determine the T1 relaxation times and subsequently, the T1 relaxivity. Results The size of the nanocomposite was in the range of 80-200 nm. The nanocomposite without DOX loading (Gd3+/13X/FA) showed compatibility for A549 cells for all concentrations while DOX-loaded nanocomposite was toxic for 62% of the cells at the concentration of 0.4 mg/ml. The T1 relaxivity of Gd3+/13X/FA/DOX nanocomposite was 4.