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Moreover, P450 1A1-and 2C19-mediated drug oxidations were significantly and dose-dependently suppressed by IL-1β, under the present limited conditions. These results suggest that cytokines can influence hepatic P450 mRNA expression levels in cynomolgus macaques, just as cytokines are reported to affect P450 expression in humans. Vocal polyps are benign vocal cord lesions, which mainly manifest as a hoarse voice. Laryngeal microsurgery is the most common treatment. However, because of anxiety regarding invasive treatment, it is necessary to have a non-invasive treatment option. A 43 year old female patient who is a teacher visited a Korean medical hospital for persistent hoarseness with a vocal polyp. After taking herbal medicine for hoarseness (Kyung-Hee-cheong-um-whan) and pharyngitis (cheong-in-li-gyok-tang and cheong-in-ryu-que-whan) for almost 10 weeks, the vocal polyp was reduced and symptoms improved. Herbal prescription for pharyngitis and hoarseness can be applied to vocal polyps as non-invasive treatment. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine if the split x-jaw planning technique could be used with Varian linear accelerators to improve plan conformity and limit dose to organs at risk (OAR) for planning target volumes that require field sizes larger than the 15 cm extent of the multileaf collimator in the x-jaw position. Traditional planning techniques include limited and open x-jaw methods. The study population included 20 randomly selected patients with endometrial carcinoma. Treatment plans for each patient were designed using split, limited, and open x-jaw volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy for comparison purposes. Dose statistics including the PTV conformity index and dose to OAR were used to evaluate plan performance. The split x-jaw planning method had the most consistent conformity index (0.98 ± 0.02), followed by the open (01 ± 0.03), and the limited (1.04 ± 0.05) techniques. On average, the split method better spared the OAR. In comparison to the limited and open techniques, the split method reduced the dose to the bowel by 3.8%, rectum by 3.2%, sigmoid by 2.1%, right femoral head by 3.5%, and left femoral head by 3.9%. The split and open techniques showed comparable bladder results and were superior over the limited method. The monitor units were highest with the split method leading to increased treatment times. The split x-jaw planning technique should be used with Varian linear accelerators to produce superior volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy plans for planning target volumes larger than the maximum extent of the multileaf collimator in the x-jaw direction. BACKGROUND Locomotive syndrome (LS) is a condition of decreased mobility caused by disorders of the locomotive organs. Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a LS disorder. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (JOA score) and the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire (ZCQ) are international evaluation tools for LSS. However, the relationship between LS and JOA score or ZCQ is unknown. This study aimed to clarify the correlations between LS progression and the values/parameters of the JOA score or ZCQ and to determine the critical cutoff point of the JOA score or ZCQ that indicates LS progression. METHODS We recruited preoperative LSS patients (n = 82). Patients' mean age was 73.4 years. The study participants were evaluated using the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS), JOA score, and ZCQ (which consists of symptom severity and physical function), and the patients' health-related quality of life was assessed using EuroQoL-5 dimension (EQ-5D) utility values and the EuroQoL-visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). We investigated the correlations between the 25-question GLFS and each clinical variable and evaluated the critical cutoff point of each international evaluation tool to detect LS. RESULTS There was a statistically significant correlation between 25-question GLFS and each clinical evaluation tool. LSS patients with LS showed significantly worse scores in the evaluation tools than LSS patients without LS. Moreover, we found that critical cutoff points of 17.5 on JOA score, 3.1 on ZCQ-symptom, and 2.3 on ZCQ-function could detect LS. CONCLUSIONS A statistically significant correlation exists between the 25-question GLFS and the JOA score or ZCQ. It might be important to perform decompression surgery for LSS patients before they reach the cutoff values of the several clinical evaluation tools to avoid LS progression. STUDY DESIGN Clinical prospective case-control study. INTRODUCTION Measures of subglottal pressure (Ps), phonation threshold pressure (PTP), and laryngeal resistance (LR) can be used as indicators of vocal cord disorders. The gold standard non-invasive measurement uses labial interruption, which has been shown to have reliability inconsistencies. Mechanical interruption methods have demonstrated promise in measurement reliability. The goal of the present study is to compare retest reliability of labial and mechanical interruption methods. METHODS 55 subjects aged 18-69 participated. selleck chemicals Ten trials were performed for each method. For labial interruption, subjects produced five labial plosives at comfortable and quiet volumes. For mechanical interruption, subjects produced a sustained /α/ while a balloon valve interrupted phonation five times. Thirty subjects completed a second study visit identical to the first approximately two weeks (15 days ± 3.76) after the first visit. Ps, PTP, mean airflow rate, and LR were determined for each subject and retest reliability forsting and intra-subject variability. Continued work to improve mechanical interruption techniques is warranted as these methods offer higher reliability and consistency than the labial interruption methods. BACKGROUND Unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) often leads to significant morbidity that may include dysphonia, swallowing problems and aspiration. The best timing for medialization procedures is still controversial. Published data suggest that early intracordal injection positively affects long-term outcomes. OBJECTIVES To critically review current literature in order to determine if early treatment of acute UVFP influences clinical outcomes of the patients. TYPE OF REVIEW Nonsystematic literature review. METHODS A literature review was performed, using the Pubmed database. All relevant articles published in English addressing the effect of early treatment in acute unilateral focal fold paralysis were analyzed. Twenty-six articles were included due to their scientific interest. RESULTS Published literature suggests that early intracordal injection in patients with UVFP reduces pulmonary infections, hospital length of stay and improves voice parameters. Also, patients who receive early intracordal injection seem to be less likely to undergo subsequent medialization thyroplasty.