Bowdenberntsen1900

Last, for healthy people, the difference in delta change may be related to sleep stages. The higher sleep quality is associated with increased delta power during the NREM period, whereas a deceased delta change accompanies higher sleep quality during the REM period. Our work summarizes the effect of changes in delta power on sleep quality and may positively impact the monitoring and intervention of sleep quality.Brain extraction is a critical pre-processing step in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analytical pipelines. In rodents, this is often achieved by manually editing brain masks slice-by-slice, a time-consuming task where workloads increase with higher spatial resolution datasets. TTK21 We recently demonstrated successful automatic brain extraction via a deep-learning-based framework, U-Net, using 2D convolutions. However, such an approach cannot make use of the rich 3D spatial-context information from volumetric MRI data. In this study, we advanced our previously proposed U-Net architecture by replacing all 2D operations with their 3D counterparts and created a 3D U-Net framework. We trained and validated our model using a recently released CAMRI rat brain database acquired at isotropic spatial resolution, including T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo structural MRI and T2*-weighted echo-planar-imaging functional MRI. The performance of our 3D U-Net model was compared with existing rodent brain extraction tools, inclurocessing steps during 3D high resolution rodent brain MRI data analysis. The software developed herein has been disseminated freely to the community.Background Prediction and early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Parkinson's disease with depression (PDD) are essential for the clinical management of PD. Objectives The present study aimed to develop a plasma Family with sequence similarity 19, member A5 (FAM19A5) and MRI-based radiomics nomogram to predict PD and PDD. Methods The study involved 176 PD patients and 181 healthy controls (HC). Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure FAM19A5 concentration in the plasma samples collected from all participants. For enrolled subjects, MRI data were collected from 164 individuals (82 in the PD group and 82 in the HC group). The bilateral amygdala, head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and substantia nigra, and red nucleus were manually labeled on the MR images. Radiomics features of the labeled regions were extracted. Further, machine learning methods were applied to shrink the feature size and build a predictive radiomics signature. The resulting radiomics signature was combined with plasma FAM19A5 concentration and other risk factors to establish logistic regression models for the prediction of PD and PDD. Results The plasma FAM19A5 levels (2.456 ± 0.517) were recorded to be significantly higher in the PD group as compared to the HC group (2.23 ± 0.457) (P less then 0.001). Importantly, the plasma FAM19A5 levels were also significantly higher in the PDD subgroup (2.577 ± 0.408) as compared to the non-depressive subgroup (2.406 ± 0.549) (P = 0.045 less then 0.05). The model based on the combination of plasma FAM19A5 and radiomics signature showed excellent predictive validity for PD and PDD, with AUCs of 0.913 (95% CI 0.861-0.955) and 0.937 (95% CI 0.845-0.970), respectively. Conclusion Altogether, the present study reported the development of nomograms incorporating radiomics signature, plasma FAM19A5, and clinical risk factors, which might serve as potential tools for early prediction of PD and PDD in clinical settings.The study preliminarily explored the sequence and difference of involvement in different neuroanatomical structures in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH). We retrospectively analyzed the differences in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters in 15 ROIs [including the bilateral centrum semiovale (CS), corpus callosum (CC) (body, genu, and splenium), head of the caudate nucleus (CN), internal capsule (IC) (anterior and posterior limb), thalamus (TH), and the bilateral frontal horn white matter hyperintensity (FHWMH)] between 27 INPH patients and 11 healthy controls and the correlation between DTI indices and clinical symptoms, as evaluated by the INPH grading scale (INPHGS), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the timed up and go test (TUG-t), before and 1 month after shunt surgery. Significant differences were observed in DTI parameters from the CS (p FA1 = 0.004, p ADC1 = 0.005) and the genu (p FA2 = 0.022; p ADC2 = 0.001) and body (p FA3 = 0.003; p ADC3 = 0.002) of the CC between the groups. The DTI parameters from the CS were strongly correlated with the MMSE score both pre-operatively and post-operatively. There was association between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of anterior and posterior limbs of the IC and MMSE. The DTI parameters of the head of the CN were correlated with motion, and the ADC value was significantly associated with the MMSE score. The FA value from TH correlated with an improvement in urination after shunt surgery. We considered that different neuroanatomical structures are affected differently by disease due to their positions in neural pathways and characteristics, which is further reflected in clinical symptoms and the prognosis of shunt surgery.Background Accumulating lines of evidence demonstrated that diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients trigger abnormalities in brain's functional connectivity (FC), whereas the alterations of interhemispheric coordination pattern occurring in DR are not well understood. Our study was to investigate alterations of interhemispheric coordination in DR patients. Methods Thirty-four DR individuals (19 males and 15 females mean age 52.97 ± 8.35 years) and 37 healthy controls (HCs) (16 males and 21 females; mean age 53.78 ± 7.24 years) were enrolled in the study. The voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method was conducted to investigate the different interhemispheric FC between two groups. Then, the seed-based FC method was applied to assess the different FCs with region of interest (ROI) in the brain regions of decreased VMHC between two groups. Results Compared with HC groups, DR groups showed decreased VMHC values in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus (MTG), lingual/calcarine/middle occipital gyrus (LING/CAL/MOG), superior temporal gyrus (STG), angular (ANG), postcentral gyrus (PosCG), inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and precentral gyrus (PreCG). Meanwhile, altered FC includes the regions of auditory network, visual network, default mode network, salience network, and sensorimotor network. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between the visual acuity-oculus dexter (OD) and zVMHC values in the bilateral LING/CAL/MOG (r = 0.551, p = 0.001), STG (r = 0.426, p = 0.012), PosCG (r = 0.494, p = 0.003), and IPL (r = 0.459, p = 0.006) in DR patients. Conclusion Our results highlighted that DR patients were associated with substantial impairment of interhemispheric coordination in auditory network, visual network, default mode network, and sensorimotor network. The VMHC might be a promising therapeutic target in the intervention of brain functional dysfunction in DR patients.Background The blood-brain barrier (BBB) describes the brain's highly specialized capillaries, which form a dynamic interface that maintains central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. The BBB supports the CNS, in part, by preventing the entry of potentially harmful circulating molecules into the brain. However, this specialized function is challenging for the development of CNS therapeutics. Several strategies to facilitate drug delivery into the brain parenchyma via disruption of the BBB have been proposed. Bradykinin has proven effective in disrupting mechanisms across the blood-tumor barrier. Unfortunately, bradykinin has limited therapeutic value because of its short half-life and the undesirable biological activity elicited by its active metabolites. Objective To evaluate NG291, a stable bradykinin analog, with selective agonist activity on the bradykinin-B2 receptor and its ability to disrupt the BBB transiently. Methods Sprague Dawley rats and CD-1 mice were subjected to NG291 treatment (either 50 or 10 Fluoro-Jade C positive cells, or astrocyte activation. Conclusion Our findings strongly suggest that NG291 increases BBB permeability by two different mechanisms in a dose-dependent manner and increases P-gp efflux transport. This increased permeability may facilitate the penetration into the brain of therapeutic candidates that are not P-gp substrates.Purpose Neurofilament light chain in serum (sNfL) has been suggested as a biomarker for the assessment of neuroaxonal damage. Since NfL are not expressed in muscle, elevated sNfL in patients with primary myopathies suggest additional nervous system involvement. To verify this hypothesis, we measured sNfL in a series of patients with myopathies. Methods sNfL were determined in 62 patients with molecular proven primary myopathies in whom some nervous system involvement may be predicted myotonic dystrophy type I and II (DM I, II) and mitochondrial disease. In addition, sNfL were measured in 8 patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and in a disease control group caused by genetic defects exclusively expressed in muscle. Results sNfL values were significantly elevated in the DM I, the DM II and the mitochondrial group, with FSHD patients showing the lowest sNfL elevations. sNfL levels in the disease control group were not different from the healthy controls. A significant correlation between repeat length and sNfL levels was found in the DM I patients, but not in the DM II patients. Mitochondrial patients with encephalopathy showed significantly higher sNfL concentrations compared to patients with only muscular symptoms. Conclusion sNfL levels are elevated in myopathies with, based on the underlying molecular defect or clinical features, established nervous system involvement, i.e., myotonic dystrophies and mitochondrial disorders. sNfL were also raised in FSHD, where involvement of the nervous system is not usually clinically apparent. Thus, sNfL concentrations may serve as a biomarker for additional neuronal damage in primary myopathies.Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) have unique physico-chemical properties that led to their use in many branches of medicine. Recently, PtNPs gathered growing interest as delivery vectors for drugs, biosensors and as surface coating on chronically implanted biomedical devices for improving electrochemical properties. However, there are contradictory statements about their biocompatibility and impact on target organs such as the brain tissue, where these NPs are finding many applications. Furthermore, many of the reported studies are conducted in homeostasis conditions and, consequently, neglect the impact of the pathologic conditions on the tissue response. To expand our knowledge on the effects of PtNPs on neuronal and glial cells, we investigated the acute effects of monodisperse sodium citrate-coated PtNPs on rat organotypic hippocampal cultures in physiological or neuronal excitotoxic conditions induced by kainic acid (KA). The cellular responses of the PtNPs were evaluated through cytotoxic assays and confocal microscopy analysis.