Blandjenkins3821

in PD patients before DBS implantation. Confirmation of the validity of such a screening tool in an independent sample of PD patients is warranted.

As the population rapidly ages, a growing number of families are engaging in care for individuals living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). The perceived challenges and burdens that face informal caregivers are enormous.

The objective of this study was to 1) explore from the family caregivers' perspective, the daily lives of individuals living with ADRD, and the challenges family caregivers encounter when caring for a family member with ADRD; and 2) to develop a comprehensive model with the endeavor to improve care for individuals with ADRD and their family caregivers.

Posts were extracted from the ALZConnected online caregiving forum in May 2019. Guided by a triangular model focused on Caregiver, Individual with ADRD, and Context of Care, two researchers independently analyzed 654 posts with a combination of deductive and inductive thematic analysis approach. Researchers all agreed on finalized codes and themes.

Thematic analysis resulted in four themes Individual with ADRD, Caregm data is worthy of further data mining using a novel analysis approach.

Cross-sectional studies have shown lower cerebral blood flow (CBF) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but longitudinal CBF changes in AD are still unknown.

To reveal the longitudinal CBF changes in normal control (NC) and the AD continuum using arterial spin labeling perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (ASL MRI).

CBF was calculated from two longitudinal ASL scans acquired 2.22±1.43 years apart from 140 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). At the baseline scan, the cohort contained 41 NC, 74 mild cognitive impairment patients (MCI), and 25 AD patients. 21 NC converted into MCI and 17 MCI converted into AD at the follow-up. Longitudinal CBF changes were assessed using paired-t test for non-converters and converters separately at each voxel and in the meta-ROI. Age and sex were used as covariates.

CBF reductions were observed in all subjects. Stable NC (n = 20) showed CBF reduction in the hippocampus and precuneus. Stable MCI patients (n = 57) showed spatially more extended CBF reduction patterns in hippocampus, middle temporal lobe, ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum. NC-MCI converters showed CBF reduction in hippocampus and cerebellum and CBF increase in caudate. MCI-AD converters showed CBF reduction in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. CBF changes were not related with longitudinal neurocognitive changes.

Normal aging and AD continuum showed common longitudinal CBF reductions in hippocampus independent of disease and its conversion. Disease conversion independent longitudinal CBF reductions escalated in MCI subjects.

Normal aging and AD continuum showed common longitudinal CBF reductions in hippocampus independent of disease and its conversion. Disease conversion independent longitudinal CBF reductions escalated in MCI subjects.

Telephone and videoconference administration of cognitive tests introduce additional sources of variance compared to in-person testing. Reviews of test-retest reliability have included mixed neurocognitive and psychiatric populations with limited consideration of methodological and statistical contributions.

We reviewed reliability estimates from comparison studies of older adults with and without dementia, considering test-retest analyses and study methods.

Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were systematically searched from 1 January 2000 to 9 June 2020 for original articles comparing telephone or videoconference administered cognitive instruments to in-person administration in older adults with and without dementia or mild cognitive impairment.

Of 4,125 articles, 23 were included 11 telephone (N = 2 dementia cohorts) and 12 videoconference (N = 4 dementia cohorts). Telephone administered subtest scores trended in the same direction as in-person with comparable means. Person-level data weical design and inclusion of dementia related cohorts in telephone studies is recommended. Reliability evidence is stronger for videoconferencing but with limited applicability to home administration and severe dementia. Improved reporting of administrative procedures is recommended.

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) cause a heavy burden for both patient and caregivers. These symptoms are diverse, and their mechanism is still unclear. Agitation is the most common and difficult to treat among BPSD. In recent years, while changes in DNA methylation levels have been receiving attention as a biomarker of aging and dementia, associations with BPSD have not been examined.

Focusing on agitation, the objective of the present study was to identify a region where changes in DNA methylation levels are associated with agitation.

Using genome-wide DNA methylation analysis data for 7 dementia subjects with agitation, 5 dementia subjects without agitation, and 4 normal elderly controls, we determined a signaling pathway in the WNT5A gene promoter region to be associated with agitation. Based on this result, we measured DNA methylation levels in this region for 26 dementia subjects with agitation and 82 dementia subjects without agitation by means of methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) analysis.

The WNT5A DNA methylation level in dementia subjects with agitation was significantly lower than in those without agitation (p = 0.001). Changes in WNT5A DNA methylation levels were not influenced by age, sex, body mass index, APOE ɛ4, medication, or inflammatory cytokines.

Our results suggested an association of agitation with Wnt signaling, in particular with changes in WNT5A DNA methylation levels, which could be a potentially useful biomarker for predicting the appearance of agitation. It may contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of BPSD.

Our results suggested an association of agitation with Wnt signaling, in particular with changes in WNT5A DNA methylation levels, which could be a potentially useful biomarker for predicting the appearance of agitation. It may contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of BPSD.

Migraine is known to mildly increase the risk for ischemic stroke and is associated with vascular MRI markers. However, the potential effect of chronic headache (CH) on stroke outcomes has not been studied.

We aimed to assess the interrelation between CH and post-stroke cognitive impairment.

Data from 455 patients with a first ever stroke from the TABASCO study was available. All patients underwent 3T brain MRI, blood analysis, and a serial cognitive assessment at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after.

Eighty-five (18.7%) patients reported suffering from CH, of whom 53 (62.4%) reported symptoms of photophobia or nausea, and 34 (40%) reported an aura. CH was associated with female sex, lower prevalence of T2DM (p < 0.001), and lower HbA1C levels (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis, controlling for age, sex, education, vascular risk factors, and the presence of acute lesions in MRI, revealed that CH was an independent predictor of better cognitive scores 6, 12, and 24 months post-stroke (pons in MRI, revealed that CH was an independent predictor of better cognitive scores 6, 12, and 24 months post-stroke (p = 0.015, p = 0.01, and p = 0.012, respectively). Stroke patients suffering from CH had also higher normalized gray, white matter, and thalamus volumes, and better white matter microstructural integrity (p  less then  0.001, p = 0.037, p  less then  0.001, p = 0.008, respectively)ConclusionIn this study, CH was consistently associated with better long term cognitive scores among post stroke subjects. These surprising findings may partially arise from the higher prevalence of T2DM among subjects without CH, that may represent the existence of chronic cerebrovascular disease, and may reflect mechanisms involving glucose metabolism.

Maintaining cognitive function is integral to a healthy social life in the aged. Although neuropsychological tests and brain imaging methods can assess cognitive dysfunction, these techniques are subjective, psychologically burdensome, and cannot be conducted easily.

We sought to develop an objective, low-burden novel cognitive function scale based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) of hemodynamic changes in the cerebral cortex during daily task performance.

A total of 63 participants (aged 60-80 years) identified as non-dementia controls (NDC) or with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were recruited and randomly assigned to training and test data sets. Explanatory variables were hemodynamic responses during low-burden sensory and simple tasks without higher-order brain functioning.

A logistic regression analysis of the fNIRS index in NDCs and MCI patients revealed area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, and holdout results of 0.98, 94%, 88%, and 62% respectively. Correlation between fNIRS index and MCI odds showed positive linearity (R2 = 0.96).

Positive correlation between the fNIRS index and MCI odds indicated effectiveness of this fNIRS measurement. Although additional experiments are necessary, the fNIRS index representing degree of cognitive decline can be an onsite monitoring tool to assess cognitive status.

Positive correlation between the fNIRS index and MCI odds indicated effectiveness of this fNIRS measurement. Although additional experiments are necessary, the fNIRS index representing degree of cognitive decline can be an onsite monitoring tool to assess cognitive status.

Subtle thyroid alterations have a controversial role in cognition.

We investigated the longitudinal association of baseline thyroid function, thyrotropin (TSH), and thyroxine (FT4) levels with cognitive performance after 4 years of follow-up in middle-aged and older adults without overt thyroid dysfunction.

We included 4,473 individuals, age≥55 years at the second study wave, without overt thyroid dysfunction at baseline. Individuals were divided according to thyroid function and TSH and FT4 tertiles. Cognition was assessed at baseline and after 4 years of follow-up by the word recall (DWR), semantic verbal fluency (SVF), and trail making (TMT) tests. The longitudinal association of thyroid function and TSH and FT4 tertiles with cognitive performance was investigated using generalized estimating equations adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, cardiovascular risk factors and depression.

There was no longitudinal association of thyroid function and TSH and FT4 baseline levels with performance on the cognitive tests. However, there was a baseline cross-sectional U-shaped association of FT4 tertiles with poorer performance in the SVF (first FT4 tertile β= -0.11, 95% CI = -0.17; -0.04; third FT4 tertile β= -0.10, 95% CI = -0.17; -0.04) and of the third FT4 tertile with poorer performance in the DWR (β= -0.09, 95% CI = -0.16; -0.02).

Thyroid function and hormone levels were not associated with cognitive decline during 4 years of follow-up in middle-aged and older adults without overt thyroid dysfunction. Future studies with longer follow-up could clarify the implications of subtle thyroid alterations in cognition.

Thyroid function and hormone levels were not associated with cognitive decline during 4 years of follow-up in middle-aged and older adults without overt thyroid dysfunction. Omaveloxolone Future studies with longer follow-up could clarify the implications of subtle thyroid alterations in cognition.