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The Amsterdam-based merchant and mathematics enthusiast Adriaen Verwer (1654/5-1717) was one of the few in the Dutch Republic to respond to the first edition of Newton's Principia (1687). Based on a close study of his published work, his correspondence with the Scottish mathematician and astronomer David Gregory (1659-1708), and his annotations in his own copy of the first edition of the Principia, I shall scrutinize the impact of Newton's ideas on Verwer's thinking. The proposed analysis, which will add nuance to earlier findings, also has broader implications for our understanding of the introduction of Newton's ideas in the Dutch Republic, as will be shown.John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683-1744) was a French-born English Huguenot who made his name as a public lecturer in London and a demonstrator at the Royal Society, writing a very popular introduction to Isaac Newton's natural philosophy, the two-volume A course of experimental philosophy (1734-1744). This paper looks at the influence of three French natural philosophers, Edme Mariotte (1620-1684), Antoine Parent (1666-1716) and Bernard Forest de Bélidor (1698-1761), on the account of waterwheel functioning in the second volume of that work. The aim of the paper is to show that, although Desaguliers demonstrated a commitment to Newton's work, his own natural philosophical objectives also led him to borrow ideas from natural philosophers outside Newton's direct sphere of influence. To do this I shall give an account of what Desaguliers appropriated from Newton's Principia, how it fitted in with his own project and how he also made use of other natural philosophers' theories in his discussion of fluid mechanics. This will hopefully result in a more nuanced conception of Desaguliers' 'Newtonianism' that takes into account the diverse sources and influences in his work.In 1965, the psychoanalyst and social scientist Elliott Jaques introduced a term, the 'midlife crisis', that continues to structure Western understandings and experiences of middle age. Following Jaques's work, the midlife crisis became a popular means of describing how-and why-men and women around the age of 40 became disillusioned with work, disenchanted with relationships and detached from family responsibilities. Post-war sociological and psychological studies of middle age regarded the midlife crisis as a manifestation of either biological or psychological change, as a moment in the life course when-perhaps for the first time-people felt themselves to be declining towards death. Although the midlife crisis has often been dismissed as a myth or satirized in novels and films, the concept has persisted not only in stereotypical depictions of rebellion and infidelity at midlife, but also in research that has sought to explain the particular social, physical and emotional challenges of middle age. In the spirit of the pioneering research of John Wilkins, John Bernal and Peter Medawar, each of whom in different ways emphasized the complex interrelations between science and society, I want to argue that the emergence of the midlife crisis-as concept and experience-during the middle decades of the twentieth century was not coincidental. Rather it was the product of historically specific demographic changes and political aspirations-at least in the Western world-to keep alive the American dream of economic progress and material prosperity.A reliable model of galaxy bias is necessary for interpreting data from future dense galaxy surveys. Conventional linear and quadratic bias models are unphysical, often predicting negative galaxy densities (δg less then -1) in voids, which potentially contain half of a survey's available cosmological information. Here we present a physically motivated alternative by assuming two energetically distinct subhalo states. Our approximations - namely, local galaxy formation, rough equivalence of galaxy-hosting subhaloes, and universal energetic favourability for the galaxy-hosting state - result in a bias model with only two free parameters; mathematically, the model (in the correct variables) yields a Fermi-Dirac distribution or (equivalently) an interactionless Ising model with an external field. The model yields sensible (and physical) predictions for both high- and low-density regions. We test the model using a catalogue of Millennium Simulation galaxies in cubical survey pixels with side lengths from 2 h-1-31 h-1 Mpc, at redshifts from 0 to 2. We find the two-state model markedly superior to linear and quadratic bias models on scales smaller than 10 h-1 Mpc, while those conventional models fare better on scales larger than 30 h-1 Mpc. Though the largest scale of applicability is likely to depend on the galaxy catalogue employed, the two-state model should be superior on any scale with a non-negligible fraction of cells devoid of galaxies.This review covers the applications of mass spectrometry (MS) and its hyphenated techniques to characterize polyurethane (PU) synthetic polymers and their respective hard and soft segments. PUs are commonly composed of hard segments including methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and soft segments including polyester and polyether polyols. This literature review highlights MS techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and computational methods that have been used for the characterization of this polymer system. Here we review specific case studies where MS techniques have elucidated unique features pertaining to the makeup and structural integrity of complex PU materials and PU precursors.Approximately 80 species of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that cause disease are found environmentally and in animal reservoirs. Typically, pulmonary NTM infections are sporadic; extrapulmonary NTM (ENTM) infections are commonly outbreak associated. Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor Recent sources of ENTM outbreaks in Minnesota include contaminated heater-cooler units used during cardiac surgery and contaminated hormone injections. We examined patient demographics and characteristics of ENTM isolates characterized by four Minnesota reference laboratories during 2013-2017 to assess potential value of systematic laboratory-based ENTM surveillance in Minnesota. Laboratories characterized 490 ENTM isolates, representing an estimated burden of 1.8/100,000 people/year in Minnesota. Thirty-one species or complexes were identified; most common were M. avium complex (31%), M. chelonae (22%), M. fortuitum (11%), and M. abscessus (4%). Most common specimen collection sites included skin and soft tissue (38%), blood (15%), neck lymph node or tissue (12%), sinus (8%), joint or bone (5%), device or implant (4%), and eye (3%).