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KGaA, Weinheim.BACKGROUND To evaluate the feasibility and safety of a robot-guided IRE (irreversible electroporation) ablation system for the treatment of pancreatic head carcinoma. METHODS A total of 20 cases with pancreatic head carcinoma were divided into two groups 11 cases in group A with manual probes placement and 9 cases in group B with robotic navigated probe placement. The two groups were compared in terms of planning time before puncture (PTBP), puncture time (PT), the total time of electrode deployment (TT), number of scans (NS), and punctual accuracy of the single electrode (PA). #link# RESULTS Each probe was successfully punctured, and no complications were detected. P-values were calculated for all the parameters, using the SPSS 25.0 software and the t-test. CONCLUSIONS The new robot can reduce the total operating time as compared to the manual probe placement with the same accuracy in the IRE of pancreatic head carcinoma. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Bayesian population models can be exceedingly slow due, in part, to the choice to simulate discrete latent states. Here, we discuss an alternative approach to discrete latent states, marginalization, that forms the basis of maximum likelihood population models and is much faster. Our manuscript has two goals 1) to introduce readers unfamiliar with marginalization to the concept and provide worked examples, and 2) to address topics associated with marginalization that have not been previously synthesized and are relevant to both Bayesian and maximum likelihood models. We begin by explaining marginalization using a Cormack-Jolly-Seber model. Next, we apply marginalization to multistate capture-recapture, community occupancy, and integrated population models and briefly discuss random effects, priors, and pseudo-R2 . Then, we focus on recovery of discrete latent states, defining different types of conditional probabilities and showing how quantities such as population abundance or species richness can be estimat values may motivate a Bayesian approach in some applications. An understanding of marginalization allows users to minimize the speed that is sacrificed when switching from a maximum likelihood approach. Widespread application of marginalization in Bayesian population models will facilitate more thorough simulation studies, comparisons of alternative model structures, and faster learning. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVES To assess several criteria, such as concurrent, face, content, and construct validity of the RobotiX Mentor (RXM) simulator for basic robotic skills and to compare virtual and actual dry lab dome. METHODS A prospective study was conducted from December 2017 to May 2018 using RXM and a da Vinci Si robot. 37 subjects, divided into three groups according to their initial surgical training (expert, intermediate, and novice), were evaluated in terms of six representative exercises of basic robotic specific skills as recommended by the fundamentals of robotic surgery. RESULTS There was a correlation between the automatic data from the RXM and the subjective evaluation with the robot. The face and content validity, which were evaluated by the experts, were generally considered high (71.5% and 62.5%, respectively). Three levels (analysis of variance [ANOVA]; P = .01) and two levels (P = .001) of experience were clearly identified by the simulator. CONCLUSION Our study proves the concurrent validity and confirms the face, content, and construct validity of the RXM. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Classic Primary Pulmonary Hodgkin lymphoma (PPHL) is a rare event usually presenting as single or multiple nodules and more rarely as multiple cystic lesions. Patient affected by pulmonary neoplasm is often debilitated with impaired cardiorespiratory function and not suitable for invasive procedure to acquire bioptic sample for histological diagnosis. Transthoracic Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration (TUS-FNA) is a non invasive procedure and gives the possibility to obtain cytological sample that can be tried to perform cell block. Cell block preparation could provide diagnostic sample useful also for additional analysis, such as immunocytochemical studies and molecular profiling, also in PPHL. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.40-year-old male presented with gradually progressive neck swelling in right cervical region for the last six years [Figure 1a]. On examination, the swelling was firm to hard, fixed and non-tender. There was Selleckchem G418 of voice, difficulty in breathing, swallowing, history of fever, weight loss or any surgical intervention. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed as a frontline investigation and the patient was advised radiological investigations [Figure 1b]. FNAC revealed scant, sticky material and smears were stained using May Grünwald Giemsa (MGG stain). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.β2 -adrenoceptor agonists improve autophagy and re-establish proteostasis in cardiac cells; therefore, suggesting autophagy as a downstream effector of β2 -adrenoceptor signaling pathway. Here, we used the pharmacological and genetic tools to determine the autophagy effect of sustained β2 -adrenoceptor activation in rodents with neurogenic myopathy, which display impaired skeletal muscle autophagic flux. Sustained β2 -adrenoceptor activation using Formoterol (10 μg kg-1  day-1 ), starting at the onset of neurogenic myopathy, prevents disruption of autophagic flux in skeletal muscle 14 days after sciatic nerve constriction. These changes are followed by reduction of the cytotoxic protein levels and increased skeletal muscle cross-sectional area and contractility properties. Of interest, sustained administration of Formoterol at lower concentration (1 μg kg-1  day-1 ) induces similar improvements in skeletal muscle autophagic flux and contractility properties in neurogenic myopathy, without affecting the cross-sectional area. Sustained pharmacological inhibition of autophagy using Chloroquine (50 mg kg-1  day-1 ) abolishes the beneficial effects of β2 -adrenoceptor activation on the skeletal muscle proteostasis and contractility properties in neurogenic myopathy. Further supporting an autophagy mechanism for β2 -adrenoceptor activation, skeletal muscle-specific deletion of ATG7 blunts the beneficial effects of β2 -adrenoceptor on skeletal muscle proteostasis and contractility properties in neurogenic myopathy in mice. These findings suggest autophagy as a critical downstream effector of β2 -adrenoceptor signaling pathway in skeletal muscle. © 2020 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.